Follicular T helper (Tfh) cells play important roles in facilitating B‐cell differentiation and inducing the antibody response in humoral immunity and immune‐associated inflammatory diseases, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. However, Tfh cell differentiation is mainly achieved through self‐directed differentiation regulation and the indirect regulation mechanism of antigen‐presenting cells (APCs). During the direct intrinsic differentiation of naïve CD4⁺ T cells into Tfh cells, Bcl‐6, as the characteristic transcription factor, plays the core role of transcriptional regulation. APCs indirectly drive Tfh cell differentiation mainly by changing cytokine secretion mechanisms. Altered metabolic signaling is also critically involved in Tfh cell differentiation. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the direct and indirect regulatory signals and metabolic mechanisms of Tfh cell differentiation and function in immune‐associated diseases.

中文翻译：

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炎症和癌症中滤泡 T 辅助细胞分化的直接和间接调节

滤泡 T 辅助 (Tfh) 细胞在促进 B 细胞分化和诱导体液免疫和免疫相关炎症疾病（包括感染、自身免疫疾病和癌症）中的抗体反应方面发挥重要作用。然而，Tfh细胞分化主要是通过自我定向分化调控和抗原呈递细胞（APCs）的间接调控机制实现的。在幼稚 CD4 ⁺的直接内在分化期间T细胞转化为Tfh细胞，Bcl-6作为特征性转录因子，起着转录调控的核心作用。APC 主要通过改变细胞因子分泌机制间接驱动 Tfh 细胞分化。改变的代谢信号也与 Tfh 细胞分化密切相关。这篇综述总结了最近在理解 Tfh 细胞分化和功能在免疫相关疾病中的直接和间接调节信号和代谢机制方面的最新进展。