Alternative methods for restoring tropical forests influence the ecological processes that shape recruitment of understory species. In turn, the traits of species recruited will influence the ecological processes the forests provide now and over the long term. We assess the phylogenetic and functional structure of seedlings beneath monoculture plantations, mixed‐species plantations (both active restoration) and regenerating selectively logged native forests (passive restoration), considering traits of specific leaf area (SLA, including within‐species variation), leaf nitrogen and phosphorus content, life‐form, potential plant height, and dispersal type. Monoculture plantations comprised seedlings that were more closely related then would be expected by chance (i.e., phylogenetically clustered), and regenerating forest contained species more distantly related then would be expected by chance (i.e., phylogenetically overdispersed). This suggests that seedlings beneath monocultures assemble through environmental filtering and through the dispersal limitation of predictable functional guilds. However, dispersal limitation is frequently overcome by human‐assisted dispersal, increasing trait diversity. Comparing SLA values revealed that regenerating forests recruit seedlings with both high and low mean and variation of SLA, leading to higher overall diversity. Regenerating forest seedlings showed signs of environmental filtering, only based on within‐species variation of SLA. Regenerating forest understories appear to favor species that show a high intraspecific variation in SLA values (e.g., Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) and at the same time provided habitat for later successional seedlings that show a lower intraspecific variation in SLA (e.g., Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A.Gray). This trait diversity suggests limiting similarity or competitive exclusion may be reduced because of niche differences, allowing species with different traits to coexist. Phylogenetic and functionally distinct species are restricted in their regeneration capacity, many of which are of conservation significance (under the IUCN Red List). Reforestation projects should maximize desired ecological services (including conservation value) by actively managing for the recruitment of species that are phylogenetically and functionally (including intraspecifically) distinct. This management aim will increase the probability of fulfilling a wider array of niche spaces and potentially increase the diversity of ecosystem services provided.

中文翻译：

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主动和被动恢复的热带森林林下种苗的多样性

恢复热带森林的替代方法会影响塑造林下物种募集的生态过程。反过来，新招募物种的特征将影响森林现在和长期提供的生态过程。考虑特定叶面积（SLA，包括种内变异），叶片的特征，我们评估单一栽培人工林，混合物种人工林（均为主动恢复）和选择性采伐的原始森林（被动恢复）下的幼苗的系统发育和功能结构。氮和磷的含量，生命形式，潜在的株高和扩散类型。单一种植人工林包含的亲缘关系要比偶然情况（即系统发生簇生）更为紧密，再生森林中所含物种的亲缘关系远比偶然预期的多（即系统发育过度分散）。这表明单一栽培下的幼苗通过环境过滤和通过可预测功能协会的传播限制而组装。但是，人为辅助的散布通常可以克服散布的局限性，从而增加性状多样性。比较SLA值表明，再生林以较高和较低的均值以及SLA的变化招募苗木，从而导致更高的总体多样性。仅基于物种内SLA的变化，再生的森林幼苗显示出环境过滤的迹象。再生林的林下植物似乎更喜欢SLA值具有较高种内差异的物种（例如，系统发育过度分散）。这表明单一栽培下的幼苗通过环境过滤和通过可预测功能协会的传播限制而组装。但是，人为辅助的散布通常会克服散布的局限性，从而增加性状多样性。比较SLA值表明，再生林以较高和较低的均值以及SLA的变化来招募苗木，从而导致更高的总体多样性。仅基于物种内SLA的变化，再生的森林幼苗显示出环境过滤的迹象。再生林的林下植物似乎更喜欢SLA值具有较高种内变异的物种（例如，系统发育过度分散）。这表明单一栽培下的幼苗通过环境过滤和通过可预测功能协会的传播限制而组装。但是，人为辅助的散布通常可以克服散布的局限性，从而增加性状多样性。比较SLA值表明，再生林以较高和较低的均值以及SLA的变化来招募苗木，从而导致更高的总体多样性。仅基于物种内SLA的变化，再生的森林幼苗显示出环境过滤的迹象。再生林的林下植物似乎更喜欢SLA值具有较高种内变异的物种（例如，这表明单一栽培下的幼苗通过环境过滤和通过可预测功能协会的传播限制而组装。但是，人为辅助的散布通常可以克服散布的局限性，从而增加性状多样性。比较SLA值表明，再生林以较高和较低的均值以及SLA的变化来招募苗木，从而导致更高的总体多样性。仅基于物种内SLA的变化，再生的森林幼苗显示出环境过滤的迹象。再生林的林下植物似乎更喜欢SLA值具有较高种内变异的物种（例如，这表明单一栽培下的幼苗通过环境过滤和通过可预测功能协会的传播限制而组装。但是，人为辅助的散布通常会克服散布的局限性，从而增加性状多样性。比较SLA值表明，再生林以较高和较低的均值以及SLA的变化来招募苗木，从而导致更高的总体多样性。仅基于物种内SLA的变化，再生的森林幼苗显示出环境过滤的迹象。再生林的林下植物似乎更喜欢SLA值具有较高种内变异的物种（例如，比较SLA值表明，再生林以较高和较低的均值以及SLA的变化来招募苗木，从而导致更高的总体多样性。仅基于物种内SLA的变化，再生的森林幼苗显示出环境过滤的迹象。再生林的林下植物似乎更喜欢SLA值具有较高种内变异的物种（例如，比较SLA值表明，再生林以较高和较低的均值以及SLA的变化来招募苗木，从而导致更高的总体多样性。仅基于物种内SLA的变化，再生的森林幼苗显示出环境过滤的迹象。再生林的林下植物似乎更喜欢SLA值具有较高种内变异的物种（例如，紫檀（Pterocarpus indicus Willd。），同时为后来的演替幼苗提供了栖息地，这些演替幼苗的SLA物种内变异较低（例如，Canarium luzonicum（Blume）A.Gray）。这种性状多样性表明，由于生态位差异，限制相似性或竞争性排斥可能会减少，从而使具有不同性状的物种共存。系统发育和功能上不同的物种的再生能力受到限制，其中许多具有保护意义（在《自然保护联盟红色名录》下）。植树造林项目应通过积极管理在系统发育和功能上（包括种内）不同的物种的招募来最大程度地提高所需的生态服务（包括保护价值）。该管理目标将增加满足更广泛的生态位空间的可能性，并可能增加所提供的生态系统服务的多样性。