Bionanotechnology has increasingly gained attention in biomedical fields as antifungal and antibiofilm agents. In this study, biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (bio‐AgNPs) using aqueous Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extract were successfully performed by a one‐step green approach. Spherical‐shaped nanoparticles, approximately 8.65 nm, exhibited noncytotoxicity to erythrocytes, HeLa, and HaCaT cells. The synthesized nanoparticles showed strong fungicidal activity ranging from 0.5 to 1 µg/ml. The nanoparticles affected Candida adhesion and invasion into host cells by reduced germ tube formation and hydrolytic enzyme secretion. Inhibitory effects of bio‐AgNPs on Candida biofilms were evaluated by the prevention of yeast‐to‐hyphal transition. A decrease in cell viability within mature biofilm demonstrated the ability of bio‐AgNPs to penetrate into the extracellular matrix and destroy yeast cell morphology, leading to cell death. Molecular biology study on biofilms confirmed downregulation in the expression of genes ALS3, HWP1, ECE1, EFG1, TEC1, ZAP1, encoding hyphal growth and biofilm development and PLB2, LIP9, SAP4, involved in hydrolytic enzymes. In addition to candida treatment, the bio‐AgNPs could be applied as an antioxidant to protect against oxidative stress‐related human diseases. The findings concluded that bio‐AgNPs could be used as an antifungal agent for candida treatment, as well as be incorporated in medical devices to prevent biofilm formation.

中文翻译：

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从水桉叶提取物中生物快速合成银纳米粒子：对白色念珠菌菌丝生长、水解酶和生物膜形成的影响

生物纳米技术作为抗真菌和抗生物膜剂在生物医学领域越来越受到关注。在这项研究中，通过一步绿色方法成功地使用水性桉树叶提取物生物合成银纳米粒子 (bio-AgNPs) 。大约 8.65 nm 的球形纳米颗粒对红细胞、HeLa 和 HaCaT 细胞表现出非细胞毒性。合成的纳米颗粒表现出很强的杀菌活性，范围为 0.5 至 1 µg/ml。纳米颗粒通过减少胚管形成和水解酶分泌来影响念珠菌粘附和侵入宿主细胞。bio-AgNPs对念珠菌的抑制作用通过防止酵母菌向菌丝转变来评估生物膜。成熟生物膜内细胞活力的降低表明生物-AgNPs能够渗透到细胞外基质并破坏酵母细胞形态，导致细胞死亡。对生物膜的分子生物学研究证实了编码菌丝生长和生物膜发育的基因ALS3 , HWP1 , ECE1 , EFG1 , TEC1 , ZAP1和PLB2 , LIP9 , SAP4的表达下调，参与水解酶。除了治疗念珠菌外，生物 AgNPs 还可用作抗氧化剂，以防止与氧化应激相关的人类疾病。研究结果得出结论，生物 AgNPs 可用作治疗念珠菌的抗真菌剂，也可用于医疗器械中以防止生物膜形成。