Biodiesel fuel has some disadvantages including increase in NO_x, poor atomization and incomplete combustion. Additives and catalysts can be used to reduce the negative effects of biodiesel fuel. In addition, the use of metal oxide and metal nanoparticles causes environmental hazards. However, using biodegradable nanoparticles can significantly reduce such concerns. The present study investigated the effect of adding GQD + E to B10 fuel on the emission and performance characteristics of a diesel engine. B10 was blended with GQD (90 ppm) and bioethanol (E2, E4, E6 and E8% vol). Performance and emission characteristics, including power, torque, SFC, CO, CO₂, UHC and NO_x emissions were measured at the speeds of 1800, 2100 and 2400 rpm and full load mode. According to the results, the addition of GQD + E to B10 improved torque and power and decreased SFC, CO, UHC and NO_x. Finally, the B10 + E6 + GQD90 fuel was the best fuel regarding improved engine performance and reduced exhaust emission. The average of changes in power and torque, SFC, CO, UHC and NO_x compared to D100 for B10 + E6 + GQD90 were + 15.69%, +15.39%, −17.58%, −30.30%, −38.91% and −1.54%, respectively.

生物柴油燃料具有一些缺点，包括NO _{x 增加、}雾化不良和燃烧不完全。添加剂和催化剂可用于减少生物柴油燃料的负面影响。此外，金属氧化物和金属纳米颗粒的使用会造成环境危害。然而，使用可生物降解的纳米粒子可以显着减少这种担忧。本研究调查了在 B10 燃料中添加 GQD + E 对柴油发动机排放和性能特性的影响。B10 与 GQD (90 ppm) 和生物乙醇 (E2、E4、E6 和 E8% vol) 混合。性能和排放特性，包括功率、扭矩、SFC、CO、CO ₂、UHC 和 NO _x在 1800、2100 和 2400 rpm 的速度和满载模式下测量排放。根据结果​​，在 B10 中添加 GQD + E 提高了扭矩和功率，降低了 SFC、CO、UHC 和 NO _x。最后，B10 + E6 + GQD90 燃料是提高发动机性能和减少废气排放的最佳燃料。B10 + E6 + GQD90 与 D100 相比，功率和扭矩、SFC、CO、UHC 和 NO _x的平均变化分别为 + 15.69%、+15.39%、-17.58%、-30.30%、-38.91% 和 -1.54% ， 分别。