Why do some bouts of collective action end in bloodshed? This study evaluates a diverse collection of cases featuring opposition movements that experienced government‐led massacres. Historically, protest massacres originate to 19th century struggles associated with populational needs of obtaining public goods and political representation from governments. Unlike genocide and politicide which are likely to take place during heightened conflict, protest massacres tend to occur outside of war and civil war. Data on 76 incidents (1819–2017) capturing direct action strategies, preceding levels of mobilization, regime threat levels, and temporal characteristics of each massacre is analyzed.

中文翻译：

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比较抗议大屠杀

为什么一些集体行动会以流血告终？这项研究评估了以政府领导的大屠杀为代表的反对派运动的各种案例。从历史上看，抗议大屠杀起源于19世纪的斗争，其与从政府获得公共物品和政治代表的人口需求有关。与可能在加剧的冲突中发生的种族灭绝和政治杀戮不同，抗议大屠杀往往发生在战争和内战之外。分析了76起事件（1819年至2017年）的数据，这些数据捕获了直接行动策略，先前的动员水平，政权威胁水平以及每个屠杀的时间特征。