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Pollution and human mobility in the southern Levant during the Iron Age using chemical and isotopic analysis of human tooth enamel
Journal of Archaeological Science ( IF 2.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-07 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2020.105262
Tzilla Eshel , Naama Yahalom-Mack , Ofir Tirosh , Aren M. Maeir , Yehudit Harlavan , Ayelet Gilboa , Yigal Erel

The extent of pollution and human mobility in the Iron Age in the southern Levant is estimated in this study through lead (Pb) and strontium (Sr) concentrations and isotopic compositions in human tooth enamel. The concentrations of Pb and other trace metals (Cu, Co, Cd, Zn) and Pb/Ca along with Ba/Ca ratios are used to determine background levels of metals and exposure to metal pollution. Strontium isotopic ratios are used to trace individuals’ residence as children and young adults, and Pb isotopic ratios are used for determining sources of in-vivo pollution. Seven teeth from the Natufian to the Pre-pottery Neolithic periods were used to establish metal-concentration baselines, and their Pb concentrations were compared with previous results. Forty-one additional samples (31 individuals) were selected from secure archaeological contexts, mostly urban sites, from the Iron Age (~1200 ‒ 586 BCE; 28 individuals) and from the Persian Period (~586–332 BCE; 3 individuals). Based on their Pb/Ca ratios, five individuals were found to be in-vivo polluted, and four additional individuals were possibly polluted, all dating to the Iron Age, suggesting that just under a third of the sampled Iron Age individuals were exposed to heavy metals to some extent. All individuals except one (from the coastal site of Dor) plot within the 87Sr/86Sr range of local, bioavailable Sr in soils (0.7058–0.7102). The unpolluted and possibly polluted individuals from coastal sites have a different 87Sr/86Sr range (0.7081–0.7112) than the inland unpolluted individuals (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7079–0.7084), suggesting that the former have more coastal/marine contribution in their diet. This Sr isotopic distribution pattern reflects a generally non-mobile population in both coastal and inland sites. Polluted Iron Age individuals, on the other hand, from both inland and coastal sites, have 87Sr/86Sr values which fall in a narrow range (0.7083–0.7086), possibly affected to some extent by coastal/marine sediments. Lead isotopic composition of four out of five individuals clearly deviate from local soil values, indicating an external contribution of Pb, some of which possibly originated from lead-rich Cu-ores in the Arabah. We thus propose a correlation between pollution and mobility in the Iron Age southern Levant. A possible explanation might be that polluted individuals had interactions with the coast or the marine environments, where they came into contact with metals, as a result of exposure to metalworking, use and/or trade.



中文翻译:

使用人类牙釉质的化学和同位素分析,铁器时代黎凡特南部的污染和人类活动

通过这项研究,通过人类牙釉质中的铅(Pb)和锶(Sr)浓度以及同位素组成,估计了黎凡特南部铁器时代的污染程度和人类活动程度。Pb和其他痕量金属(Cu,Co,Cd,Zn)和Pb / Ca的浓度以及Ba / Ca比率用于确定金属的背景水平和暴露于金属污染的程度。锶同位素比值用于追踪儿童和年轻人的居所,铅同位素比值用于确定体内来源污染。从纳图芬时期到陶器新石器时代时期的7颗牙齿用于建立金属浓度基线,并将其铅含量与以前的结果进行比较。从铁器时代(约公元前1200〜586年; 28个个体)和波斯时期(约公元前586-332年; 3个个体)的安全考古背景(主要是城市遗址)中选择了41个样本(31个个体)。根据他们的铅/钙比,发现五个人在体内受到污染,还有四个人可能受到污染,所有这些都可以追溯到铁器时代,这表明在采样的铁器时代个体中,只有不到三分之一的人暴露于重金属中。金属在某种程度上。除一个(来自Dor沿海地区)外的所有个人,均在87 Sr /土壤中生物可利用的Sr的86 Sr范围(0.7058–0.7102)。与内陆未污染者(87 Sr / 86 Sr = 0.7079–0.7084)相比,来自沿海地区的未污染且可能受到污染的个体具有不同的87 Sr / 86 Sr范围(0.7081–0.7112),这表明前者对沿海/海洋的贡献更大在他们的饮食中。这种Sr同位素分布模式反映了沿海和内陆站点的总体非流动人口。另一方面,来自内陆和沿海地区受污染的铁器时代个体的87 Sr / 86Sr值落在一个狭窄的范围内(0.7083–0.7086),可能在一定程度上受到沿海/海洋沉积物的影响。五分之四的铅同位素组成明显偏离当地的土壤价值,表明Pb的外部贡献,其中一些可能源自阿拉伯阿拉巴马州的富铅铜矿石。因此,我们提出了黎凡特南部铁器时代的污染与迁移之间的相关性。一个可能的解释可能是,受污染的个人由于接触金属加工,使用和/或贸易而与海岸或海洋环境发生了相互作用,从而与金属接触。

更新日期:2020-11-07
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