A battery-less 5.8-GHz transmitter (TX), compact and lightweight enough to enable flight of $\sim 90$ mg honeybees and free roaming of bumblebees within their nest, was developed. The TX was coupled to a compact phased-array antenna receiver to achieve angle of arrival (AOA) estimation and bee localization through a received signal strength indicator approach (RSSI). The receiver was integrated into a commercial unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to support autonomous position updates based on the AOA estimates and a software development kit. A simple model predicting the system detection range was finally developed and is herein discussed. Our experimental results provide proof of concept toward autonomous tracking of tagged bees both in open air and in polytunnel settings.

中文翻译：

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使用微型发射器和自驾无人机的昆虫传粉者的 C 波段遥测

开发了一种无需电池的 5.8 GHz 发射器 (TX)，其小巧轻便，足以让 90 美元毫克的蜜蜂飞行并让大黄蜂在它们的巢穴内自由漫游。TX 耦合到紧凑型相控阵天线接收器，以通过接收信号强度指标方法 (RSSI) 实现到达角 (AOA) 估计和蜜蜂定位。该接收器被集成到商用无人机 (UAV) 中，以支持基于 AOA 估计和软件开发套件的自主位置更新。最终开发了一个简单的模型来预测系统检测范围，并在此进行讨论。我们的实验结果为在露天和多隧道环境中自主跟踪标记蜜蜂提供了概念证明。