Abstract Humans have altered up to half of the world's land surface. Wildlife living within or close to these human-modified landscapes are presented with opportunities and risks associated with feeding on human-derived foods (e.g., agricultural crops and food waste). Understanding whether and how wildlife adapts to these landscapes is a major challenge, with thousands of studies published on the topic over the past 10 years. In the present article, we build on established theoretical frameworks to understand the behavioral causes of crop and urban foraging by wildlife. We then develop and extend this framework to describe the multifaceted ecological consequences of crop and urban foraging for the individuals and populations in which they arise, with emphasis on social species for which interactions with people are, on balance, negative (commonly referred to as raiding species). Finally, we discuss the management challenges faced by urban and rural land managers, businesses, and government organizations in mitigating human–wildlife conflicts and propose ways to improve the lives of both wildlife and humans living in human-modified landscapes and to promote coexistence.

中文翻译：

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与人类改造景观中野生动物觅食相关的行为原因、生态后果和管理挑战

摘要 人类已经改变了世界陆地面积的一半。生活在这些人为改造的景观内或附近的野生动物面临着与以人类为食的食物（例如农作物和食物垃圾）相关的机会和风险。了解野生动物是否以及如何适应这些景观是一项重大挑战，过去 10 年发表了数千项关于该主题的研究。在本文中，我们基于既定的理论框架来了解野生动物在作物和城市觅食的行为原因。然后我们开发和扩展这个框架来描述作物和城市觅食对它们出现的个体和种群的多方面生态后果，重点是与人类相互作用的社会物种，总的来说，阴性（通常称为掠夺物种）。最后，我们讨论了城市和农村土地管理者、企业和政府组织在缓解人类与野生动物冲突方面面临的管理挑战，并提出了改善野生动物和生活在人类改造景观中的人类的生活并促进共存的方法。