This manuscript lays the groundwork for considering racial threat as a collective emotion. Although sociologists regularly study racial threat, a disconnect exists between Blumer’s theoretical framework (1958) and modern empirical measurement. Research has largely measured racial threat as perceptions of competition or increases in racism. Neither, however, squarely fits the symbolic interactionist framework that Blumer championed. This manuscript frames racial threat as an affective group response that is generated through sustained interaction with social groups and group representations. After showing how Blumer’s threat conceptualization fits the parameters of a collective emotion, I demonstrate how quantitative measurement and experimental research design can be used to capture threat as Blumer outlines it. Then, using factor analyses and regression, I illustrate that collective threat is distinct from other collective emotions and operates according to Blumer’s theoretical predictions. The manuscript concludes with a discussion of how ongoing attempts to measure collective threat and the evolution of racism in the United States highlight the continued relevance of Blumer’s work.

中文翻译：

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集体威胁：将布鲁默的威胁概念化为集体情感

这份手稿为将种族威胁视为一种集体情绪奠定了基础。尽管社会学家经常研究种族威胁，但布鲁默的理论框架（1958）与现代实证测量之间存在脱节。研究在很大程度上将种族威胁衡量为对竞争的看法或种族主义的增加。然而，两者都不完全符合布鲁默所倡导的象征性互动主义框架。这份手稿将种族威胁定义为一种通过与社会群体和群体表征的持续互动而产生的情感群体反应。在展示了 Blumer 的威胁概念化如何适应集体情绪的参数之后，我展示了如何使用定量测量和实验研究设计来捕捉 Blumer 概述的威胁。然后，使用因素分析和回归，我说明集体威胁不同于其他集体情绪，并根据布鲁默的理论预测运作。手稿最后讨论了持续的衡量美国集体威胁和种族主义演变的尝试如何突出布鲁默工作的持续相关性。