This study aimed to explore the constraining and facilitating factors impacting the emergence and consolidation of different types of alternative food networks (AFNs) in different countries. Drawing on the expertise of organizers of seventeen AFNs, we investigated the conditions and actors that hinder and promote the development of different types of AFNs in Poland, Portugal and the Netherlands. Using a multi-actor perspective framework, we categorized six types of AFNs according to their logic and characteristics: consumer-led, producer-led, third-sector led, community supported agriculture, public-led, and business platforms. Key challenges and facilitating conditions varied according to AFN type, and depended on AFN particularities. In contrast to the Netherlands, low social capital was commonly cited as a challenge in Portugal and Poland. AFN organizers appeared to exercise innovative power when creating new forms of food provision; however, a wide scope of actions by governmental and non-governmental actors are needed to support the emergence of more AFNs.

中文翻译：

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组织替代性食品网络（AFN）：三个欧盟国家/地区不同AFN类型的挑战和便利条件

这项研究旨在探讨影响不同国家不同类型替代食品网络（AFN）出现和巩固的制约因素和促进因素。利用十七个AFN的组织者的专业知识，我们研究了阻碍和促进波兰，葡萄牙和荷兰不同类型AFN的发展的条件和参与者。使用多参与者视角框架，我们根据AFN的逻辑和特征将其分类为六种类型：以消费者为主导，以生产者为主导，以第三部门为主导，以社区为支撑的农业，以公共为主导和以商业为平台。关键挑战和便利条件因AFN类型而异，并取决于AFN的特殊性。与荷兰相反，在葡萄牙和波兰，人们普遍认为低社会资本是一项挑战。AFN的组织者似乎在创造新的食物供应形式时发挥了创新的力量。但是，需要政府和非政府行为者采取广泛的行动，以支持更多AFN的出现。