We study the economic profitability of residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in Finland. We show a moderate rate of returns (1.0% in Northern and 1.4% in Southern Finland) for the PV system investments with time-of-use hot water heating. Optimized hot water heating increases the rate of return by 0.6 percentage points. We internalize the negative externalities of greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation by presenting the hourly electricity prices as a function of emission permit costs. A 10 €/tCO${}_2$ increase in carbon price improves the PV investment rate of return by 0.3 percentage points.

中文翻译：

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住宅太阳能发电的盈利能力，包括热能存储和碳修正的电价

我们研究了芬兰住宅太阳能光伏（PV）系统的经济盈利能力。对于使用分时使用热水的光伏系统投资，我们显示出中等的回报率（北部为1.0％，芬兰南部为1.4％）。优化的热水加热可将回报率提高0.6个百分点。我们通过将小时电价作为排放许可成本的函数，来内部化发电产生的温室气体排放的负面外部性。A 10欧元/吨CO${}_2$ 碳价上涨使光伏投资回报率提高了0.3个百分点。