In order to recapitulate the best available evidence of milk consumption and multiple health-related outcomes, we performed an umbrella review of meta-analyses and systematic reviews in humans. Totally, 41 meta-analyses with 45 unique health outcomes were included. Milk consumption was more often related to benefits than harm to a sequence of health-related outcomes. Dose–response analyses indicated that an increment of 200 ml (approximately 1 cup) milk intake per day was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, hypertension, colorectal cancer, metabolic syndrome, obesity and osteoporosis. Beneficial associations were also found for type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Conversely, milk intake might be associated with higher risk of prostate cancer, Parkinson’s disease, acne and Fe-deficiency anaemia in infancy. Potential allergy or lactose intolerance need for caution. Milk consumption does more good than harm for human health in this umbrella review. Our results support milk consumption as part of a healthy diet. More well-designed randomized controlled trials are warranted.

中文翻译：

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牛奶消费和多种健康结果：对人体的系统评价和荟萃分析的总体评估

为了概括牛奶消耗和与健康相关的多种结局的最佳可用证据，我们对人的荟萃分析和系统评价进行了总体评估。总共包括41项荟萃分析和45项独特的健康结局。牛奶消费通常与收益相关，而不是危害一系列与健康相关的结果。剂量-反应分析表明，每天增加200毫升（约1杯）牛奶的摄入与心血管疾病，中风，高血压，大肠癌，代谢综合征，肥胖和骨质疏松症的风险降低有关。还发现了2型糖尿病和阿尔茨海默氏病的有益联系。相反，摄入牛奶可能与前列腺癌，帕金森氏病，婴儿痤疮和铁缺乏性贫血。潜在的过敏或乳糖不耐症需要谨慎。在这份总体评估中，食用牛奶对人体健康的好处大于危害。我们的研究结果支持将牛奶摄入作为健康饮食的一部分。需要设计更好的随机对照试验。