Swamps, wetlands, flooded crop lands, and tidal zones occur a significant area of the earth's surface. For these places, plant roots survive in anoxic substrates. Plants of Symplocarpus foetidus are well suited for anoxic substrates, since they have aerenchyma tissues (lacunae) for air movement from leaves to roots. Air in leaves is pressurized and thus moves down petioles to provide oxygen to rhizomes and roots, in the anoxic substrates. The objective of this study is to quantify lacunae in tissues in order to demonstrate that lacunae in these tissues are well scaled to move air effectively. Lacunae comprise about 68% of all leaf volume. The total areas of all lacunae within lamina were about 500 times larger than the total area of all lacunae areas of petioles. Lacunae in petioles comprised 51% of petiole cross-sectional areas. In turn, lacunal areas in rhizomes and roots were about 30% of lacunal areas in petioles, indicating that air may pass easily from petioles to rhizomes, and then to roots. Individual lacunal areas varied among the tissues. For leaves, petioles, and rhizomes individual lacunae areas were 0.04–0.069 mm², 0.011–0.069 mm², and 0.037–0.121 mm², respectively. In contrast, mean individual lacunal areas were smaller in root cross sections (0.0001–0.0064 mm²). Overall, leaves and petioles provide a large network for air flow but airflow is more restricted in rhizomes and roots. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document aerenchyma characteristics, numbers of lacunae and areas of individual lacunae in many tissues.

沼泽，湿地，淹水的农田和潮汐带发生在地球表面的重要区域。对于这些地方，植物根系在缺氧基质中存活。plo草植物非常适合缺氧基质，因为它们具有气孔组织（腔隙），用于从叶到根的空气流动。叶片中的空气被加压，因此向下移动到叶柄中，从而为缺氧基质中的根茎和根提供氧气。这项研究的目的是量化组织中的腔隙，以证明这些组织中的腔隙被适当地缩放以有效地移动空气。腔隙约占所有叶片体积的68％。叶片内所有腔的总面积约为叶柄所有腔的总面积的500倍。叶柄的腔隙占叶柄横截面积的51％。反过来，根茎和根部的空洞面积约占叶柄的腔状面积的30％，这表明空气很容易从叶柄到根茎再到根部。各组织之间的单个腔区域不同。对于叶片，叶柄和根茎，单个腔的面积为0.04–0.069 mm²，0.011-0.069毫米²，和0.037-0.121毫米²分别。相比之下，平均单个腔面积在根部横截面较小（0.0001-0.0064 mm ²）。总体而言，叶和叶柄为空气流动提供了较大的网络，但根茎和根中的空气流动受到更大的限制。据我们所知，这是第一个记录气孔特征，腔隙数量和许多组织中单个腔隙面积的研究。