Underground structures in liquefiable saturated sand are prone to earthquake damage. Various simplified pseudo-static seismic response analysis methods for underground structures have been recommended by current design codes and guidelines, but lack adequate systematic validation in liquefiable ground. In this study, the effectiveness of four categories of simplified pseudo-static methods in saturated sand are evaluated. These methods include a displacement-based method, a force-based method, a F(flexibility ratio)-R(racking ratio) method, and a detailed equivalent static method. High-fidelity dynamic analysis of circular and rectangular cross-section underground structures in non-liquefiable and liquefiable ground under different input ground motions are conducted, using a validated plasticity constitutive model for large post-liquefaction deformation of sand, to serve as a basis for the evaluation. Although the pseudo-static methods can generally provide adequate analysis results for underground structures in non-liquefiable ground, especially the displacement-based method, their performance in saturated sand are generally poor. The deviation of pseudo-static analysis results from reality stems from their inadequacies in considering the effects of dynamic soil-structure interaction in liquefiable ground. Temporal and spatial variability of soil-structure interaction in saturated sand, caused by the accumulation of excess pore pressure and subsequent decrease in soil effective stress and constraint on underground structures, are not considered in pseudo-static analysis methods. Modifications to the pseudo-static analysis methods and high-fidelity dynamic analysis methods are suggested to be adopted for the evaluation of the seismic response of underground structures in liquefiable ground.

在可液化饱和砂土中的地下结构易于受到地震破坏。当前的设计规范和指南已经推荐了各种简化的地下结构伪静态地震响应分析方法，但是在液化地面上缺乏足够的系统验证。在这项研究中，评估了四类简化的拟静力法在饱和砂土中的有效性。这些方法包括基于位移的方法，基于力的方法，F（挠​​性比）-R（竞争比）方法以及详细的等效静态方法。在不同的输入地面运动下，对非液化和液化地面中圆形和矩形截面地下结构的高保真动力分析，使用经过验证的塑性本构模型对砂土进行大的液化后变形，以作为评估的基础。尽管伪静态方法通常可以为非液化地下地下结构提供足够的分析结果，尤其是基于位移的方法，但其在饱和砂土中的性能通常较差。拟静力分析与实际情况之间的偏差源于其在考虑液化土地中动力土-结构相互作用的影响方面的不足。拟静力分析方法中未考虑饱和孔隙土中土壤-结构相互作用的时空变化，这是由于多余的孔隙压力的积累，随后土壤有效应力的减小以及对地下结构的约束而引起的。