The site of Goa Topogaro (Topogaro Caves) on Sulawesi Island in Eastern Indonesia yields numerous osseous and lithic artefacts in association with anatomically modern humans (AMH) from the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Sulawesi is the largest island in Wallacea and could have been located along the early AMH migration routes to Sahul that required sea crossings between the past Sunda and Sahul-continents. AMH utilized both osseous and lithic technologies use during the early stage of their migration to South Asia, Island Southeast Asia (ISEA), and Sahul, a more intensive use and wider expansion of bone-based technologies occurred after the end of the Pleistocene in ISEA and Sulawesi. Our study confirms the emergence and wide use of an variety of osseus technologies, specifically bone points that may have been used as drills, engravers, and projectiles, during the early Holocene in Sulawesi. This is in tandem with a significant shift of lithic technologies and the dramatic increase of retouched tools. Use-wear analysis of bone and lithic materials shows that some specific retouched stone tools were likely used for the production of bone implements. We suggest such a combination in the use of bone and lithic technologies for Sulawesi, and widely across ISEA, may indicate early AMH subsistence strategies and adaptations to the changing island and rainforest environments during the transition from the late Pleistocene to the Holocene.

印度尼西亚东部苏拉威西岛上的果阿托波加罗（托波加罗洞穴）遗址出产了许多与解剖学上的现代人 (AMH) 相关的骨骼和石器文物，这些文物来自晚更新世和全新世。苏拉威西岛是华莱士最大的岛屿，可能位于 AMH 早期迁移到 Sahul 的路线上，该路线需要在过去的巽他大陆和 Sahul 大陆之间进行海上穿越。AMH 在迁移到南亚、东南亚岛屿 (ISEA) 和 Sahul 的早期阶段利用了骨技术和石技术，在更新世结束后发生了更密集的骨技术使用和更广泛的扩展。和苏拉威西。我们的研究证实了各种骨技术的出现和广泛使用，特别是可能被用作钻头、雕刻机、和射弹，在苏拉威西岛的全新世早期。这与光刻技术的重大转变和修饰工具的急剧增加相结合。骨和石质材料的使用磨损分析表明，一些特定的修饰石器可能用于生产骨器。我们建议在苏拉威西岛以及在整个 ISEA 广泛使用骨和岩技术的这种组合，可能表明早期 AMH 生存策略和对从晚更新世到全新世过渡期间不断变化的岛屿和热带雨林环境的适应。骨和石质材料的使用磨损分析表明，一些特定的修饰石器可能用于生产骨器。我们建议在苏拉威西岛以及在整个 ISEA 中广泛使用骨和岩技术的这种组合，可能表明早期 AMH 生存策略和对从晚更新世到全新世过渡期间不断变化的岛屿和热带雨林环境的适应。骨和石质材料的使用磨损分析表明，一些特定的修饰石器可能用于生产骨器。我们建议在苏拉威西岛以及在整个 ISEA 中广泛使用骨和岩技术的这种组合，可能表明早期 AMH 生存策略和对从晚更新世到全新世过渡期间不断变化的岛屿和热带雨林环境的适应。