This paper presents the life cycle assessment (LCA) of two different solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-based combined heat and power (CHP) systems with thermal energy storage, one based on a reversible solid oxide fuel cell (r-SOFC) and hydrogen storage, and the other on a natural gas-fed SOFC. Both systems have been included alternately into the same single-family house nanogrid, that also includes a photovoltaic (PV) system for renewable energy production. The hourly electrical and thermal demands over an entire year of the user are calculated by means of the commercial software TRNSYS 17, the simulation of the two CHP systems operation is performed using the commercial software HOMER PRO, and the life cycle assessment is performed by means of the software SimaPro 9 and Ecoinvent 3.3.

The main finding of this study is that, in the considered Italian scenario, the r-SOFC-based CHP system has, in general, a more adverse environmental impact than the natural gas-fed one. This is essentially because the higher electricity production of the natural gas-fed SOFC, mainly due to its continuous operation, determines a higher self-consumption referred to the total alternating current (AC) load on a yearly basis. On the other hand, the r-SOFC with H₂ storage shows a more adverse environmental impact, despite the higher power self-consumption from the PV system. Indeed, relatively to the r-SOFC system, in the cold seasons large part of the electrical energy necessary to power the H₂ production and AC loads is taken from the Italian national grid, which has a relatively high share of electricity produced by fossil fuel thermal power plant. Moreover, the effects of an increased renewable energy (solar) share in the country energy mix are also reported and discussed, and the results of a Monte Carlo analysis aimed at evaluating the effects of the uncertainty relative to the input parameters for the LCA analysis are presented as well.

本文介绍了两种基于热能存储的不同固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）组合式热电联产（CHP）系统的生命周期评估（LCA），一种基于可逆固体氧化物燃料电池（r-SOFC）和储氢，另一种使用天然气供气的SOFC。两种系统都已交替包含在同一个单户住宅纳米网格中，该网格还包括用于可再生能源生产的光伏（PV）系统。使用商用软件TRNSYS 17计算用户全年的每小时电气和热需求，使用商用软件HOMER PRO执行两个CHP系统运行的仿真，并通过以下方式进行生命周期评估： SimaPro 9和Ecoinvent 3.3的版本。

这项研究的主要发现是，在意大利的情况下，基于r-SOFC的热电联产系统总体上比天然气喂养的系统对环境的不利影响更大。这主要是因为以天然气为燃料的SOFC的较高发电量（主要是由于其连续运行）决定了以每年为基础的总交流电（AC）负载的较高自耗。另一方面，尽管PV系统具有更高的自耗电量，但具有H ₂储存的r-SOFC对环境的影响更大。实际上，相对于r-SOFC系统，在寒冷季节，为H ₂供电所需的大部分电能生产和交流负载取自意大利国家电网，该国电网中化石燃料热电厂的发电量相对较高。此外，还报告和讨论了可再生能源（太阳能）在国家能源结构中所占份额增加的影响，而旨在评估不确定性相对于LCA分析输入参数的影响的蒙特卡洛分析的结果是：提出了。