Spherical like-Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles were synthesized by the green sol-gel method using Plectranthus amboinicus leaf extract for different pH values. The prepared TiO₂ nanoparticles have been coated over the Indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate by using the doctor blade approach and the Rose Bengal (RB) organic dye utilized as a sensitizer for all constructed dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) endorses the creation of tetragonal crystal structured TiO₂ nanoparticles with the anatase phase and the average crystalline size is estimated as 27 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph reveals that the nanoparticles are uniformly distributed with spherical like-morphology without agglomeration. UV absorption spectra (UV-Vis) was absorbed to protect the bandgap energy in the range of 3.02–2.95 eV. Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) was recorded to investigate the presence of chemical composition in synthesized pure TiO₂ nanoparticles. The DSSCs assembled for prepared TiO₂ nanoparticles have exhibited solar to electrical energy conversion efficiency reached 1.3% by using Plectranthus amboinicus leaf extract under the illumination of 100 mW cm⁻².

Graphical abstract

球形等-二氧化钛（TiO ₂）纳米颗粒通过使用绿色溶胶-凝胶法合成的左手香对于不同的pH值叶提取物。制备的TiO ₂纳米颗粒已通过使用刮刀法和Rose Bengal（RB）有机染料作为铟敏氧化物涂覆在铟锡氧化物（ITO）基材上，用于所有构造的染料敏化太阳能电池（DSSC）。X射线衍射（XRD）认可了四方晶体结构TiO _2的产生具有锐钛矿相和平均晶体尺寸的纳米颗粒估计为27 nm。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）显微照片显示，纳米颗粒均匀分布，呈球形，无团聚。吸收紫外吸收光谱（UV-Vis）以保护带隙能量在3.02–2.95 eV范围内。记录傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）以研究合成的纯TiO ₂纳米颗粒中化学成分的存在。通过在100mW cm ^-2的光照下使用凤尾兰叶提取物，组装用于制备的TiO ₂纳米颗粒的DSSC显示出太阳能转化为电能的效率达到1.3％。

图形概要