High levels of black residential segregation emerged over the course of the twentieth century as the black population urbanized. Segregation was achieved by means of different mechanisms at different times and places, beginning with targeted violence directed at African Americans followed later by discrimination in real estate and banking using devices such as deed restrictions, restrictive covenants, and racial redlining, practices that were institutionalized in federal policies during the New Deal. By 1977, however, discrimination had been outlawed in most US markets and average black segregation began to decline. The declines, however, were inversely proportional to the size of the black community. As Latinos grew in number after the 1970s, levels of racial isolation within Hispanic neighborhoods also rose. At the same time, class segregation increased, especially among families with children, and inequalities of wealth and income grew to create a polarized urban geography. High concentrations of affluence now prevail for affluent whites and Asians living in wealthy post-industrial coastal areas, with high concentrations of poverty prevailing for poor blacks and Hispanics in older, declining industrial areas in the Midwest and the South, which also contain pockets of white and Asian poverty. The new political geography of race and class effectively denies blacks and Hispanics their access to quality education and undermines their lifetime earning prospects to create self-perpetuating system of social and economic stratification.

中文翻译：

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仍然是关键：美国的隔离与分层

在二十世纪，随着黑人人口的城市化，出现了高水平的黑人居民隔离。隔离是通过不同的机制在不同的时间和地点实现的，首先是针对非裔美国人的针对性暴力，其次是房地产和银行业的歧视，使用了契据限制，限制性契约和种族重新定购等手段，这些手段在制度上得到了制度化。新政期间的联邦政策。但是，到1977年，美国大多数市场已禁止歧视，平均黑人种族隔离开始减少。但是，下降与黑人社区的规模成反比。随着1970年代后拉丁裔人数的增加，西班牙裔社区内的种族隔离程度也有所提高。与此同时，阶级隔离加剧，特别是在有孩子的家庭中，贫富差距扩大，造成了两极化的城市地理。现在，富裕的白人和生活在富裕的工业化后沿海地区的亚洲人普遍富裕，而中西部和南部的工业区（其中也有白色的口袋）则处于衰落的老龄化黑人和西班牙裔人口中，贫困人口的集中程度很高。和亚洲贫困。种族和阶级的新政治地理有效地拒绝了黑人和西班牙裔美国人接受优质教育的机会，并破坏了他们一生的赚钱前景，从而建立了自我延续的社会和经济分层体系。现在，富裕的白人和亚洲人生活在富裕的后工业沿海地区，富裕程度普遍较高，而中西部和南部的工业区（其中也有白色的人口稀少）的老龄化，衰退地区，贫穷的黑人和西班牙裔则普遍存在高度的贫困状况。和亚洲贫困。种族和阶级的新政治地理有效地拒绝了黑人和西班牙裔美国人接受优质教育的机会，并破坏了他们一生的赚钱前景，从而建立了自我延续的社会和经济分层体系。现在，富裕的白人和亚洲人生活在富裕的后工业沿海地区，富裕程度普遍较高，而中西部和南部的工业区（其中也有白色的人口稀少）的老龄化，衰退地区，贫穷的黑人和西班牙裔则普遍存在高度的贫困状况。和亚洲贫困。种族和阶级的新政治地理有效地拒绝了黑人和西班牙裔美国人接受优质教育的机会，并破坏了他们一生的赚钱前景，从而建立了自我延续的社会和经济分层体系。其中也有白人和亚洲人的贫穷。种族和阶级的新政治地理有效地拒绝了黑人和西班牙裔美国人接受优质教育的机会，并破坏了他们一生的赚钱前景，从而建立了自我延续的社会和经济分层体系。其中也有白人和亚洲人的贫穷。种族和阶级的新政治地理有效地拒绝了黑人和西班牙裔美国人接受优质教育的机会，并破坏了他们一生的赚钱前景，从而建立了自我延续的社会和经济分层体系。