Abstract Haiti’s catastrophic earthquake of 2010 left approximately 200,000 people dead, 1.5 million homeless and most government buildings destroyed. Even pre-disaster, Haiti’s outcomes on the UN Human Development Index were among the lowest in the world, and since the quake the country has fallen into further decline. Today, most Haitians continue to lack basic services, struggle with daily survival, and confront daunting challenges in their change efforts. Many have called for reconstruction of society, and argue that local civil society organizations should lead the way in these efforts by valuing local knowledge, and building on small-scale community successes. This research investigates one community’s change efforts toward a new form of community development and potential pathway to transformation in Haiti. We aim to apply learning from this case to inform development practice and policy in Haiti and similar contexts. The case study community, Bellevue-La-Montagne, is applying an education-centered community development approach which has placed construction of a new school and education at the heart of collaborative rebuilding efforts by local residents and organizations, primarily Haiti Partners. Education and participatory practices are embedded in all aspects of the community development, including: social entrepreneurship, healthcare, environmental stewardship, community agriculture, planning and construction. These efforts involve participation of people and organizations (local and international) in dialogical negotiations that aim to share power and build capabilities of local people, and to create, change, or preserve structures and institutions consistent with the interests of local people. Participatory and phronesis research methodologies reveal nuanced understandings of the community development and its meaning for local people. In spite of substantial progress in development projects, findings reveal tension points that potentially threaten long-term sustainability, such as: the highly fragile nature of state-society relations, lack of a sense of agency of local people despite strong levels of participation, and differences between outcomes for the community as a whole and individual households. Moving from revealed community change in this case to a broader and deeper social transformation will require key ‘levers of transformation’, identified in this case as: 1) education; 2) place identity, networks, and research; 3) social entrepreneurship and social innovation; and 4) state-society trust and accountability. These levers can be activated through participatory and education-centered community development strategies that provide important roles for local people and civil society, and a nuanced role for international organizations which is sensitive to power dynamics. Such development strategies would give ‘voice’ to communities in their struggles for change. Strengthening, networking and scaling community level innovation that shows promise of transformation, such as the case of Bellevue-La-Montagne, would contribute to Haiti’s attempts to forge a new narrative, and to evolving international development planning policy and practice.

中文翻译：

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悲剧、信任和转变的故事？海地地震后以教育为中心的社区发展案例研究

摘要 海地 2010 年发生的灾难性地震造成约 20 万人死亡、150 万人无家可归，大部分政府建筑被毁。即使在灾前，海地在联合国人类发展指数上的结果也是世界上最低的，自地震以来，该国已陷入进一步衰退。今天，大多数海地人仍然缺乏基本服务，在日常生活中挣扎，并在他们的变革努力中面临艰巨的挑战。许多人呼吁重建社会，并认为当地民间社会组织应该通过重视当地知识和建立小规模社区成功来引领这些努力。这项研究调查了一个社区为实现新形式的社区发展和潜在的海地转型途径而做出的改变。我们的目标是应用从这个案例中学到的知识，为海地和类似环境的发展实践和政策提供信息。案例研究社区 Bellevue-La-Montagne 正在应用以教育为中心的社区发展方法，该方法将新学校和教育的建设置于当地居民和组织（主要是海地合作伙伴）合作重建工作的核心。教育和参与式实践嵌入社区发展的各个方面，包括：社会创业、医疗保健、环境管理、社区农业、规划和建设。这些努力涉及人们和组织（本地和国际）参与对话谈判，旨在分享权力和建设当地人民的能力，并创造、改变、或维护符合当地人民利益的结构和机构。参与式和 phronesis 研究方法揭示了对社区发展及其对当地人意义的细微理解。尽管发展项目取得了实质性进展，但调查结果揭示了可能威胁长期可持续性的紧张点，例如：国家与社会关系的高度脆弱性，尽管参与程度很高，但当地人民缺乏能动性，以及整个社区和个别家庭的结果之间的差异。在这种情况下，从显露的社区变化转向更广泛、更深入的社会转型将需要关键的“转型杠杆”，在这种情况下被确定为：1）教育；2) 地方身份、网络和研究；3）社会创业和社会创新；4) 国家与社会的信任和问责。这些杠杆可以通过参与性和以教育为中心的社区发展战略来激活，这些战略为当地人民和民间社会提供重要作用，并为对权力动态敏感的国际组织提供微妙的作用。此类发展战略将为社区争取变革的斗争提供“发言权”。加强、联网和扩大显示转型前景的社区级创新，例如 Bellevue-La-Montagne 的案例，将有助于海地打造新叙事的尝试，以及不断发展的国际发展规划政策和实践。这些杠杆可以通过参与性和以教育为中心的社区发展战略来激活，这些战略为当地人民和民间社会提供重要作用，并为对权力动态敏感的国际组织提供微妙的作用。此类发展战略将为社区争取变革的斗争提供“发言权”。加强、联网和扩大显示转型前景的社区级创新，例如 Bellevue-La-Montagne 的案例，将有助于海地打造新叙事的尝试，以及不断发展的国际发展规划政策和实践。这些杠杆可以通过参与性和以教育为中心的社区发展战略来激活，这些战略为当地人民和民间社会提供重要作用，并为对权力动态敏感的国际组织提供微妙的作用。此类发展战略将为社区争取变革的斗争提供“发言权”。加强、联网和扩大显示转型前景的社区级创新，例如 Bellevue-La-Montagne 的案例，将有助于海地打造新叙事的尝试，以及不断发展的国际发展规划政策和实践。此类发展战略将为社区争取变革的斗争提供“发言权”。加强、联网和扩大显示转型前景的社区级创新，例如 Bellevue-La-Montagne 的案例，将有助于海地打造新叙事的尝试，以及不断发展的国际发展规划政策和实践。此类发展战略将为社区争取变革的斗争提供“发言权”。加强、联网和扩大显示转型前景的社区级创新，例如 Bellevue-La-Montagne 的案例，将有助于海地打造新叙事的尝试，以及不断发展的国际发展规划政策和实践。