National and international food policy makers must balance a wide variety of goals, some of which can easily be mutually realized, and some of which are in considerable tension with one another. These goals can include health and safety for consumers, such as the policies governing the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service. These goals can also include food security for consumers, defined as reliable access to a wide variety of nutritious and safe food, which is addressed by various policies of food assistance. Food policy also has goals around supporting the economic sustainability of producers and distributors, pursued with policies like agricultural grants, as well as supporting environmental sustainability through policies on land use, fertilizer application, and the like. Another suite of goals concerns just treatment for workers at all points along the food chain, which is pursued by laws governing everyone from farmworkers to meat packers to fast-food employees. Sometimes policies pursue these goals individually, and so may be at cross-purposes to one-another, such as when the USDA funded research and marketing for Domino’s Pizza to use more cheese to support U.S. dairy interests while also having policies to promote better nutrition and less fat consumption. At other times policies balance multiple goals, such as the USDA purchasing commodities from farmers in the United States to distribute to schools, foodbanks, and households. The policies used to pursue these different goals vary widely, and these variations in policy promote quite different practices. Given the different possible food policies which might be enacted, it is possible to analyze and evaluate these policies not only by how well they realize their stated goals, but also what community and individual practices are support. Of course, a similar point could be made about other issues which bring together complex policy goals with multiple stakeholders within governments, businesses, communities, and groups of individuals. However, because of the universal nature of food (everybody consciously engages with food every day, often in more than one way as a producer, consumer, preparer, and so on), the importance of food to cultural and personal identity, and the ways in which food implicates many social-ecological systems and political institutions, it has the possibility of being an extremely powerful “boundary object” which can bring together multiple perspectives and forms of expertise. As an important book on the food justice movement says, the

中文翻译：

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赋予民主和认知自决权的食品政策

国家和国际粮食政策制定者必须平衡各种各样的目标，其中一些目标可以很容易地相互实现，而另一些目标相互之间存在相当大的紧张关系。这些目标可以包括消费者的健康和安全，例如美国农业部 (USDA) 食品安全检验局的管理政策。这些目标还可以包括消费者的粮食安全，定义为可靠地获得各种营养丰富和安全的食物，各种粮食援助政策都解决了这一问题。食品政策的目标还包括支持生产者和分销商的经济可持续性，通过农业赠款等政策来实现，并通过土地使用、化肥施用等政策支持环境可持续性。另一套目标涉及对食物链各个环节工人的公正待遇，这是由管理从农场工人到肉类加工商再到快餐店员工的每个人的法律所追求的。有时政策会单独追求这些目标，因此可能会相互交叉，例如当美国农业部资助 Domino's Pizza 的研究和营销以使用更多奶酪来支持美国乳制品利益，同时也制定了促进更好营养和脂肪消耗少。在其他时候，政策会平衡多个目标，例如美国农业部从美国农民那里购买商品，分发给学校、食品银行和家庭。用于追求这些不同目标的政策千差万别，而这些政策差异促进了截然不同的实践。鉴于可能颁布的不同可能的食品政策，可以分析和评估这些政策，不仅是它们实现既定目标的程度，还包括支持哪些社区和个人实践。当然，对于将复杂的政策目标与政府、企业、社区和个人团体内的多个利益相关者结合在一起的其他问题，也可以提出类似的观点。然而，由于食物的普遍性（每个人每天都有意识地接触食物，通常以不止一种方式作为生产者、消费者、准备者等），食物对文化和个人身份的重要性，以及其中食物涉及许多社会生态系统和政治制度，它有可能成为一个极其强大的“边界对象”，可以汇集多种视角和形式的专业知识。正如一本关于食品正义运动的重要书籍所说，