Objectives

The present study tests hypotheses regarding the moderating influence of neighborhood-level criminal opportunity on the relationship between crime generators and block-level crime.

Methods

We first estimated multilevel negative binomial regression models for violent, property, and drug crimes to identify crime-type specific crime generators on each block. We then estimated a series of crime-type specific models to examine whether the effects of violent, property, and drug crime generators are moderated by three census block group-level indicators of neighborhood criminal opportunity—concentrated disadvantage, vehicular traffic activity, and civic engagement.

Results

The positive relationship between crime generators and crime on blocks was exacerbated in census block groups with high levels of concentrated disadvantage and high levels of traffic activity for all three crime types. The effects of crime generators on block-level crime were significantly tempered in census block groups with high levels of civic engagement.

Conclusions

Particular place types do not generate crime similarly across varying neighborhood contexts. Rather, the criminogenic effects of micro-places appear to be exacerbated in neighborhoods with extensive criminal opportunity and tempered in neighborhoods with less criminal opportunity.

中文翻译：

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上下文中的犯罪发源人：审查“邻里之地”主张

目标

本研究检验了关于邻里级犯罪机会对犯罪产生者与街区犯罪之间关系的调节影响的假设。

方法

我们首先估算了暴力，财产和毒品犯罪的多级负二项式回归模型，以识别每个街区上特定于犯罪类型的犯罪源。然后，我们估计了一系列特定于犯罪类型的模型，以检查暴力，财产和毒品犯罪产生者的影响是否由邻里犯罪机会的三个人口普查小组级别的指标（集中的劣势，车辆交通活动和公民参与）进行调节。

结果

在所有这三种犯罪类型中，具有高度集中的劣势和高水平的交通活动的人口普查街区组，犯罪产生者与街区犯罪之间的正相关关系得到了加强。在公民参与程度高的人口普查小组中，犯罪产生者对集体犯罪的影响得到了显着缓解。

结论

特定的地点类型在不同的邻里环境中不会类似地产生犯罪。相反，在有大量犯罪机会的社区里，微型场所的犯罪作用似乎会加剧，而在犯罪机会较少的社区里，微观场所的犯罪作用似乎会加剧。