Privatization is, since Hardin, often promoted as a solution to many natural resource management challenges, particularly in common-pool resource systems. However, novel forms of privatization are being implemented in unexamined ways. In this article we explore how privatization affects natural resource management from the perspective of multi-dimensional social-ecological systems. We critique the notion that privatization is desirable due to its pure efficiency, and argue that efficiency must be relative to achieving other normative societal goals, in particular, sustainability. While sustainability outcomes often cannot be fully actualized, the processes through which privatization attempts to achieve them are more tangible criteria. First, we draw on (1) distributional and (2) procedural justice as normative societal goals to assess effectiveness of different forms of privatization. Second, we analyze the broader implications of privatization for social-ecological system functioning considering (3) path dependency and (4) spillover effects. We apply these four concepts to examine three different cases of privatization: eco-certification in fisheries, seed patents in agriculture and property rights in rangelands. We argue that the evaluative criteria for the success of privatization are often oversimplified, and highlight how privatization can influence social-ecological systems and the achievement of normative goals in largely unexamined ways.

中文翻译：

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将公共领域私有化：新方法需要更广泛的可持续性评估标准

自从Hardin以来，私有化通常作为对许多自然资源管理挑战的一种解决方案而得到推广，尤其是在公共池资源系统中。但是，新颖形式的私有化正在以未经审查的方式实施。在本文中，我们将从多维社会生态系统的角度探讨私有化如何影响自然资源管理。我们批评私有化是理想的，因为它具有纯粹的效率，并认为效率必须与实现其他规范性社会目标（特别是可持续性）相关。尽管可持续性成果通常不能完全实现，但私有化尝试实现这些成果的过程是更切实的标准。第一，我们将（1）分配正义和（2）程序正义作为规范性社会目标，以评估不同形式的私有化的有效性。其次，考虑到（3）路径依赖和（4）溢出效应，我们分析了私有化对社会生态系统功能的广泛影响。我们应用这四个概念来研究三种不同的私有化案例：渔业的生态认证，农业的种子专利和牧场的产权。我们认为，私有化成功的评估标准通常被过分简化，并且强调了私有化如何以很大程度上未经审查的方式影响社会生态系统和规范目标的实现。考虑到（3）路径依赖和（4）溢出效应，我们分析了私有化对社会生态系统功能的广泛影响。我们应用这四个概念来研究三种不同的私有化案例：渔业的生态认证，农业的种子专利和牧场的产权。我们认为，私有化成功的评估标准通常被过分简化，并且强调了私有化如何以很大程度上未经审查的方式影响社会生态系统和规范目标的实现。考虑到（3）路径依赖和（4）溢出效应，我们分析了私有化对社会生态系统功能的广泛影响。我们应用这四个概念来研究三种不同的私有化案例：渔业的生态认证，农业的种子专利和牧场的产权。我们认为，私有化成功的评估标准通常被过分简化，并且强调了私有化如何以很大程度上未经审查的方式影响社会生态系统和规范目标的实现。