There have been numerous studies that consider the nexus interactions between energy systems, land use, water use and climate adaptation and impacts. These studies have filled a gap in the literature to allow for more effective policymaking by considering the trade-offs between land use, energy infrastructure as well as the use of water for agriculture and providing energy services. Though these studies fill a significant gap in the modelling literature, we argue that more work is needed to effectively consider policy trade-offs between the 17 United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs) to avoid missing important interactions. We examine the 17 SDGs individually to determine if it should be included in a modelling framework and the challenges of doing so. We show that the nexus of climate, land, energy and water needs to be expanded to consider economic well-being of both individuals and the greater economy, health benefits and impacts, as well as land use in terms of both food production and in terms of sustaining ecological diversity and natural capital. Such an expansion will allow energy systems models to better address the trade-offs and synergies inherent in the SDGs. Luckily, although there are some challenges with expanding the nexus in this way, we feel the challenges are generally modest and that many model structures can already incorporate many of these factors without significant modification. Finally, we argue that SDGs 16 and 17 cannot be met without open-source models and open data to allow for transparent analysis that can be used and reused with a low cost of entry for modellers from less well-off nations. To effectively address the SDGs, there is a need to expand the common definition of the nexus of climate, land, energy, and water to include the synergies and trade-offs of health impacts, ecological diversity and the system requirements for human and environmental well-being. In most cases, expanding models to be able to incorporate these factors will be relatively straight forward, but open models and analysis are needed to fully support the SDGs.

中文翻译：

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将联合国可持续发展目标纳入能源系统分析：扩大粮食-能源-水联系

有许多研究考虑了能源系统，土地利用，水利用和气候适应与影响之间的联系。这些研究填补了文献中的空白，可以通过考虑土地使用，能源基础设施以及农业用水和提供能源服务之间的权衡取舍，从而制定更有效的政策。尽管这些研究填补了建模文献中的重大空白，但我们认为，需要进行更多工作才能有效考虑联合国17个可持续发展目标（SDG）之间的政策取舍，以避免遗漏重要的相互作用。我们将分别检查17个SDG，以确定是否应将其包含在建模框架中以及这样做的挑战。我们证明了气候，土地，需要扩展能源和水，以考虑个人的经济福祉以及更大的经济，健康利益和影响，以及就粮食生产，维持生态多样性和自然资本而言的土地使用。这样的扩展将使能源系统模型能够更好地解决可持续发展目标固有的权衡和协同作用。幸运的是，尽管以这种方式扩展联系存在一些挑战，但是我们认为挑战通常是适度的，许多模型结构可以在不进行重大修改的情况下纳入许多这些因素。最后，我们认为，没有开放源代码模型和开放数据就无法实现透明分析，而富裕国家/地区的建模者只需较低的进入成本，就无法实现可持续发展目标16和17。为了有效地解决可持续发展目标，有必要扩大气候，土地，能源和水的联系的通用定义，以包括健康影响，生态多样性以及人类和环境健康的系统要求的协同作用和权衡取舍-存在。在大多数情况下，扩展模型以纳入这些因素将相对简单，但是需要开放模型和分析来完全支持可持续发展目标。