In this study, partially graphitic biochar was synthesized using peanut shell biomass and potassium ferrate (K₂FeO₄) with a simple strategy and applied for the removal of two commonly used nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen [IBU] and diclofenac [DCF]) from water. K₂FeO₄ 0.1 M was found to be the suitable concentration for the conversion from pristine biochar to partially graphitic biochar. After modification, the scanning electron microscopy image revealed an extremely rough and heterogeneous surface of the modified biochar (PK01), while the HRTEM, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectra analyses indicated the presence of graphitic component in PK01 structure. Characterization results indicated that the synthesized nanomaterial simultaneously possessed the properties of graphitic carbon and porous biochar with relatively large specific surface area (374.0 m²/g), as well as micro/mesopore structure. The effect of ambient conditions (contact time, temperature, and solution pH) on the adsorption processes of two contaminants was investigated. The experimental results suggested that the pseudo-second-order, Langmuir, and Freundlich models could well describe the attached behavior of IBU and DCF onto the adsorbent (PK01). In all experiments (single, binary, and real water sample systems), DCF exhibited higher adsorption capacity compared to that of IBU, due to the more H-bond acceptor of the DCF molecule compared with IBU. The H-bonding interactions could be the major driving force for the attachment of two adsorbates onto the adsorbent surface, followed by electrostatic attractions, and π-π EDA interactions. Based on the experimental results, PK01 can be suggested as a potential adsorbent for the removal of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from water bodies.

中文翻译：

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用于从水溶液中去除双氯芬酸和布洛芬的部分石墨化生物炭的制备：实验室条件和实际样品应用

在这项研究中，部分石墨生物炭使用花生壳生物质和高铁酸钾 (K ₂ FeO ₄ ) 以简单的策略合成，并应用于去除两种常用的非甾体抗炎药（布洛芬 [IBU] 和双氯芬酸 [DCF] ) 来自水。K ₂ FeO ₄发现 0.1 M 是将原始生物炭转化为部分石墨生物炭的合适浓度。改性后，扫描电子显微镜图像显示改性生物炭 (PK01) 的表面极其粗糙和异质，而 HRTEM、X 射线衍射和拉曼光谱分析表明 PK01 结构中存在石墨成分。表征结果表明，合成的纳米材料同时具有石墨碳和多孔生物炭的特性，具有较大的比表面积（374.0 m ²/g)，以及微/中孔结构。研究了环境条件（接触时间、温度和溶液 pH 值）对两种污染物吸附过程的影响。实验结果表明，伪二阶、Langmuir 和 Freundlich 模型可以很好地描述 IBU 和 DCF 在吸附剂（PK01）上的附着行为。在所有实验（单一、二元和真实水样系统）中，与 IBU 相比，DCF 表现出更高的吸附能力，因为与 IBU 相比，DCF 分子的 H 键受体更多。氢键相互作用可能是两种吸附物附着在吸附剂表面的主要驱动力，其次是静电吸引和 π-π EDA 相互作用。根据实验结果，