Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely used to examine the relationships between brain function and phenotypic features in neurodevelopmental disorders. Techniques such as resting-state functional connectivity (FC) have enabled the identification of the primary networks of the brain. One fMRI network, in particular, the default mode network (DMN), has been implicated in social-cognitive deficits in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attentional deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Given the significant clinical and genetic overlap between ASD and ADHD, surprisingly, no reviews have compared the clinical, developmental, and genetic correlates of DMN in ASD and ADHD and here we address this knowledge gap. We find that, compared with matched controls, ASD studies show a mixed pattern of both stronger and weaker FC in the DMN and ADHD studies mostly show stronger FC. Factors such as age, intelligence quotient, medication status, and heredity affect DMN FC in both ASD and ADHD. We also note that most DMN studies make ASD versus ADHD group comparisons and fail to consider ASD+ADHD comorbidity. We conclude, by identifying areas for improvement and by discussing the importance of using transdiagnostic approaches such as the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) to fully account for the phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity and overlap of ASD and ADHD.

中文翻译：

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自闭症谱系障碍和注意力缺陷多动障碍中默认模式网络的回顾

功能性磁共振成像 (fMRI) 已广泛用于检查神经发育障碍中脑功能与表型特征之间的关系。静息状态功能连接 (FC) 等技术已经能够识别大脑的主要网络。一种 fMRI 网络，特别是默认模式网络 (DMN)，与自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 的社会认知缺陷和注意力缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 的注意力缺陷有关。鉴于 ASD 和 ADHD 之间存在显着的临床和遗传重叠，令人惊讶的是，没有评论比较 DMN 在 ASD 和 ADHD 中的临床、发育和遗传相关性，在这里我们解决了这一知识差距。我们发现，与匹配的控件相比，ASD 研究显示 DMN 中更强和更弱的 FC 的混合模式，ADHD 研究主要显示更强的 FC。年龄、智商、用药状况和遗传等因素会影响 ASD 和 ADHD 的 DMN FC。我们还注意到，大多数 DMN 研究将 ASD 与 ADHD 组进行比较，而没有考虑 ASD + ADHD 合并症。我们通过确定需要改进的领域并讨论使用研究领域标准 (RDoC) 等跨诊断方法来充分解释 ASD 和 ADHD 的表型和基因型异质性和重叠的重要性来得出结论。我们还注意到，大多数 DMN 研究将 ASD 与 ADHD 组进行比较，而没有考虑 ASD + ADHD 合并症。我们通过确定需要改进的领域并讨论使用研究领域标准 (RDoC) 等跨诊断方法来充分解释 ASD 和 ADHD 的表型和基因型异质性和重叠的重要性来得出结论。我们还注意到，大多数 DMN 研究将 ASD 与 ADHD 组进行比较，而没有考虑 ASD + ADHD 合并症。我们通过确定需要改进的领域并讨论使用研究领域标准 (RDoC) 等跨诊断方法来充分解释 ASD 和 ADHD 的表型和基因型异质性和重叠的重要性来得出结论。