The nymphalid groundplan is an archetypical color pattern of nymphalid butterflies involving three major symmetry systems and a discal symmetry system, which share the basic morphogenesis unit. Here, the morphological and spatial relationships among these symmetry systems were studied based on cross-species comparisons of nymphalid hindwings. Based on findings in Neope and Symbrenthia, all three major symmetry systems can be expressed as bands, spots, or eyespot-like structures, suggesting equivalence (homology) of these systems in developmental potential. The discal symmetry system can also be expressed as various structures. The discal symmetry system is circularly surrounded by the central symmetry system, which may then be surrounded by the border and basal symmetry systems, based mainly on findings in Agrias, indicating a unified supersymmetry system covering the entire wing. The border symmetry system can occupy the central part of the wing when the central symmetry system is compromised, as seen in Callicore. These results suggest that butterfly color patterns are hierarchically constructed in a self-similar fashion, as the fractal geometry of the nymphalid groundplan. This self-similarity is likely mediated by the serial induction of organizers, and symmetry breaking of the system morphology may be generated by the collision of opposing signals during development.

中文翻译：

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Nymphalid平面图的分形几何：蝴蝶翅膀中颜色图案对称系统的自相似配置

仙女蝶平面图是仙女蝶的原型色彩模式，涉及三个主要的对称系统和盘对称系统，它们共享基本的形态发生单元。在这里，基于仙女蝶后翅的种间比较研究了这些对称系统之间的形态和空间关系。根据Neope和Symbrenthia的发现，所有三个主要的对称系统都可以表示为条带，斑点或眼点状结构，表明这些系统在发展潜力上具有同等性（同源性）。椎间盘对称系统也可以表示为各种结构。圆盘对称系统被中央对称系统环绕，然后主要由Agrias的发现而被边界和基底对称系统所围绕，这表明整个机翼覆盖着一个统一的超对称系统。中央对称系统受损时，边界对称系统会占据机翼的中央部分，如Callicore所示。这些结果表明，蝴蝶色图案以自相似的方式分层构建，如仙女蝶平面图的分形几何形状。这种自相似性可能是由组织者的连续感应介导的，并且系统形态的对称性破坏可能是由于显影过程中相对信号的碰撞而产生的。