Brain–computer interface (BCI)-guided robot-assisted training strategy has been increasingly applied to stroke rehabilitation, while few studies have investigated the neuroplasticity change and functional reorganization after intervention from multimodality neuroimaging perspective. The present study aims to investigate the hemodynamic and electrophysical changes induced by BCI training using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) respectively, as well as the relationship between the neurological changes and motor function improvement. Fourteen chronic stroke subjects received 20 sessions of BCI-guided robot hand training. Simultaneous EEG and fMRI data were acquired before and immediately after the intervention. Seed-based functional connectivity for resting-state fMRI data and effective connectivity analysis for EEG were processed to reveal the neuroplasticity changes and interaction between different brain regions. Moreover, the relationship among motor function improvement, hemodynamic changes, and electrophysical changes derived from the two neuroimaging modalities was also investigated. This work suggested that (a) significant motor function improvement could be obtained after BCI training therapy, (b) training effect significantly correlated with functional connectivity change between ipsilesional M1 (iM1) and contralesional Brodmann area 6 (including premotor area (cPMA) and supplementary motor area (SMA)) derived from fMRI, (c) training effect significantly correlated with information flow change from cPMA to iM1 and strongly correlated with information flow change from SMA to iM1 derived from EEG, and (d) consistency of fMRI and EEG results illustrated by the correlation between functional connectivity change and information flow change. Our study showed changes in the brain after the BCI training therapy from chronic stroke survivors and provided a better understanding of neural mechanisms, especially the interaction among motor-related brain regions during stroke recovery. Besides, our finding demonstrated the feasibility and consistency of combining multiple neuroimaging modalities to investigate the neuroplasticity change.

中文翻译：

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BCI训练对慢性卒中的影响与运动相关区域的功能重组相关：同时进行的脑电图和功能磁共振成像研究

脑机接口（BCI）指导的机器人辅助训练策略已越来越多地应用于中风康复，而很少有研究从多模态神经影像学角度研究干预后的神经可塑性变化和功能重组。本研究旨在研究分别使用功能磁共振成像（fMRI）和脑电图（EEG）的BCI训练引起的血液动力学和电生理变化，以及神经学变化与运动功能改善之间的关系。14名慢性卒中受试者接受了20次由BCI指导的机器人手部训练。在干预之前和之后立即获取了同时的EEG和fMRI数据。处理基于种子的用于静止状态fMRI数据的功能连通性和针对EEG的有效连通性分析，以揭示神经可塑性的变化以及不同大脑区域之间的相互作用。此外，还研究了运动功能改善，血液动力学变化和源自两种神经成像方式的电生理变化之间的关系。这项工作表明（a）BCI训练疗法后可以显着改善运动功能，（b）训练效果与同病M1（iM1）和对立Brodmann区域6（包括 并研究了从两种神经影像学方法得出的电生理变化。这项工作表明（a）BCI训练疗法后可以显着改善运动功能，（b）训练效果与同病M1（iM1）和对立Brodmann区域6（包括 并研究了从两种神经影像学方法得出的电生理变化。这项工作表明（a）BCI训练疗法后可以显着改善运动功能，（b）训练效果与同病M1（iM1）和对立Brodmann区域6（包括由fMRI得出的运动前区（cPMA）和辅助运动区（SMA）），（c）训练效果与从cPMA到iM1的信息流变化显着相关，并且与从EEG得出的从SMA到iM1的信息流变化显着相关，并且（d功能连接性变化和信息流变化之间的相关性说明了fMRI和EEG结果的一致性。我们的研究显示了慢性卒中幸存者进行BCI训练后大脑的变化，并提供了对神经机制的更好理解，尤其是卒中恢复过程中与运动相关的大脑区域之间的相互作用。此外，我们的发现证明了结合多种神经影像学方法研究神经可塑性变化的可行性和一致性。