Abstract. This paper aims to reconstruct Middle Bronze Age (MBA) land use practices in the north-western Alpine foreland (SW Germany, Hegau). We used a multi-proxy approach including the biogeochemical proxies from colluvial deposits in the surrounding of the well-documented settlement site of Anselfingen and offsite pollen data from two peat bogs. This approach allowed in-depth insights into the MBA subsistence economy and shows that the MBA in the north-western Alpine foreland was a period of establishing settlements with sophisticated land management and land use practices. The reconstruction of phases of colluvial deposition was based on ages from optically luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon (AMS ¹⁴C) dating from multi-layered colluvial deposits and supports the local archaeological record with the first phase of major colluvial deposition occurring during the MBA followed by phases of colluvial deposition during the Iron Age, the Medieval period, and modern times. The onsite deposition of charred archaeobotanical remains and animal bones from archaeological features, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), charcoal spectra, phytoliths, soil microstructure, urease enzymatic activity, microbial biomass carbon (C_mic) and heavy metal contents, were used as proxies for onsite and near-site land use practices. The charcoal spectra indicate MBA forest management which favoured the dominance of Quercus in the woodland vegetation in the surrounding area north of the settlement site. Increased levels of 5ß stanols (up to 40 %) and the occurrence of pig bones (up to 14 %) support the presence of a forest pasture mainly used for pig farming. In the surrounding area south of the settlement, an arable field with a buried MBA plough horizon (2Apb) could be verified by soil micromorphological investigations and high concentrations of grass phytoliths from leaves and stems. Agricultural practices (e.g. ploughing) focussed on five stable cereal crops (Hordeum distichon/vulgare, Triticum dicoccum, Triticum monococcum, Triticum spelta, Triticum aestivum/turgidum), while the presence of stilted pantries as storage facilities and of heat stones indicate post-harvest processing of cereal crops and other agrarian products within the settlement. In the area surrounding the settlement, increased levels of urease activity, compared to microbial biomass carbon (up to 2.1 µg N µg C_mic⁻¹), and input of herbivorous and omnivorous animal faeces indicate livestock husbandry on fallow land. The PAH suites and their spatial distribution support the use of fire for various purposes, e.g. for opening and maintaining the landscape, for domestic burning and for technical applications. The offsite palynological data support the observed change in onsite and near-site vegetation as well as the occurrence of related land use practices. During the Early and Middle Bronze Age fire played a major role in shaping the landscape (peak of micro-charcoal during the MBA) and anthropogenic activities promoted oak dominated forest ecosystems at the expense of natural beech forests. This indicates a broader regional human influence in the north-western Alpine foreland at low and mid altitude inland sites during the Middle Bronze Age.

中文翻译：

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西北高山前陆地区的青铜时代中期土地利用实践–一次多研究研究了河流沉积，考古特征和泥炭沼泽

摘要。本文旨在重建西北高山前陆地区（德国西南部，黑高）的中古青铜时代（MBA）土地使用方式。我们使用了一种多代理方法，其中包括来自Anselfingen的有据可查的定居点周围的洞穴沉积物的生物地球化学代理以及来自两个泥炭沼泽的异地花粉数据。这种方法可以深入了解MBA生存经济，并表明西北阿尔卑斯山前陆地区的MBA时期是建立具有先进土地管理和土地使用实践的居民点的时期。冲积沉积阶段的重建基于光致发光（OSL）和放射性碳（AMS ¹⁴）的年龄C）可以追溯到多层沉积物，并支持当地的考古记录，主要的沉积物沉积的第一阶段发生在MBA时期，随后是铁器时代，中世纪和近代的沉积相沉积。烧焦的考古植物遗骸和动物骨骼的考古特征，以及多环芳烃（PAHs），木炭光谱，植石，土壤微结构，脲酶活性，微生物生物量碳（C _mic））和重金属含量作为现场和近地土地使用实践的代理。木炭光谱表明MBA森林管理有利于定居点以北周边地区林地植被中栎属的优势。5ß甾烷醇含量的增加（高达40％）和猪骨头的存在（高达14％）支持了主要用于养猪场的森林牧场的存在。在该定居点以南的周边地区，可以通过土壤微观形态学调查和来自叶和茎的高浓度植物植硅石来验证一个埋有MBA犁水平（2Apb）的耕地。农业实践（例如耕作）侧重于五种稳定的谷类作物（大麦，大麦，小麦，大麦，小麦/大麦），高脚裤架作为存储设施和热石的存在表明该定居点对谷物作物和其他农产品的收获后加工。与微生物生物量碳相比，在定居点周围的地区，脲酶活性水平提高了（最高2.1 µg N µg C_麦克风^-1），而草食性和杂食性动物粪便的输入表明休​​耕地的畜牧业。PAH套件及其空间分布支持将火用于各种目的，例如用于开放和维护景观，用于家庭燃烧和用于技术应用。异地的古生物学数据支持所观察到的原地和近地植被的变化以及相关土地利用实践的发生。在青铜时代的早期和中期，大火在塑造景观（MBA期间的微木炭高峰）方面起着重要作用，而人为活动促进了以橡树为主的森林生态系统的发展，但却损害了天然山毛榉森林。这表明在青铜时代中期，在中低海拔内陆地区的西北高山前陆地区，人类的影响范围更广。