Stable isotope analyses are a relative measurement. The precision is far higher than the accuracy, so that subtle isotopic differences must be made relative to a reference. Modern mass spectrometers can routinely measure the δ18O value of a gas with a precision of 0.01‰. This is 20 times more precise than the accuracy of the 18O/16O ratio of VSMOW (Baertschi 1976). It is for this reason that isotope analyses, like most analytical measurements, are reported relative to standards. The problem faced by the stable isotope community is that different materials are measured using...

中文翻译：

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三重氧同位素系统的标准化：水，硅酸盐，碳酸盐，空气和硫酸盐

稳定同位素分析是一项相对测量。精度远高于精度，因此必须相对于参考进行细微的同位素差异。现代质谱仪可以常规地以0.01‰的精度测量气体的δ18O值。这比VSMOW的18O / 16O比的精度高20倍（Baertschi 1976）。因此，与大多数分析测量一样，同位素分析也要相对于标准品进行报告。稳定的同位素界面临的问题是使用...测量不同的材料