Currently, nanotechnology is referred to be one of the attractive research sectors in several countries because of its vast potential and commercial impact. Nanotechnology includes the investigation, development, fabrication, and processing of structures and materials on a nanoscale in various fields of science, health care, agriculture, technology, and industries. As such, it has provided a steady restructuring of related technologies. However, the irregularities and uncertainties in dimensions and chemical compositions, makes the viability of such materials questionable. Concerns have been inclined about the transport, destiny, and transformation of nanomaterials discharged into the environment. A critical analysis of the present phase of knowledge concerning the exposure and effects of nanomaterials has been discussed in-depth. In this review, different nanomaterials along with their applications have also been reviewed, that include graphene-based nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, and their composites, nanoclay composites, nanostructured thin films, metal-organic frameworks, conducting polymers and their composites, MXenes, chalcogenide nanocrystals, and quantum dots. Besides, a few of the groundbreaking applications of nanomaterials for different sectors like human health, processes, photochemical process, energy conversion and energy storage, separation and purification processes, optoelectronics, etc. are discussed in detail with their chemsitry. Moreover, the unique characteristics and applications of nanomaterials, they inherently introduce challenges for their applications and large-scale production. Acknowledgment of the potential benefits and unknown dangers of nanomaterials is critically is critically analyzed and discussed in the manuscript.

当前，由于纳米技术的巨大潜力和商业影响，它被认为是一些国家中有吸引力的研究领域之一。纳米技术包括科学，保健，农业，技术和工业等各个领域的纳米级结构和材料的研究，开发，制造和加工。因此，它提供了相关技术的稳定重组。但是，尺寸和化学组成的不规则性和不确定性使这种材料的可行性受到质疑。人们一直担心排放到环境中的纳米材料的运输，命运和转化。深入讨论了有关纳米材料的暴露和影响的当前知识阶段的关键分析。在这篇评论中 还审查了不同的纳米材料及其应用，包括基于石墨烯的纳米材料，碳纳米管及其复合材料，纳米粘土复合材料，纳米结构薄膜，金属有机骨架，导电聚合物及其复合材料，MXenes，硫族化物纳米晶体和量子点。此外，还详细讨论了纳米材料在不同领域的突破性应用，例如人体健康，过程，光化学过程，能量转换和能量存储，分离和纯化过程，光电子学等。而且，由于纳米材料的独特特性和应用，它们固有地对其应用和大规模生产提出了挑战。