The Kanowna Belle deposit is a world-class Archean orogenic gold system that witnessed multiple fluid episodes over a protracted deformation history. The hydrothermal fluid circulation episodes at the Kanowna Belle deposit initiated with the precipitation of early gold-bearing carbonate-famatinite-pyrite-telluride-electrum veins (V1a). These early veins were subsequently folded during a NE-SW shortening event (D1b KB ) that led to the development of sericite-chlorite-pyrite stringers (V1b) and foliation (S1 KB ) dated at c. 2658 ± 9 Ma (U-Pb, xenotime). D1b KB structures are overprinted by quartz-carbonate-sericite-pyrite-gold veins (V2) controlled by the reverse faulting formed as a result of N-S shortening during D2 KB. A subsequent deformation event (D3a KB ) is related to sinistral shearing produced under ENE-WSW shortening and associated with the development of the Troy lodes and deposition of quartz-pyrite-sericite-gold veins (V3a) dated at c. 2628 ± 9 Ma (U-Pb, xenotime). The application of multiple sulfur isotope analyses of sulfides related to the different mineralization events resolves the hydrothermal fluid isotopic evolution through time. Despite the ore mineralogy differences of the V1, V2, and V3 vein sets, their associated sulfides yield small positive ∆ 33 S (+ 0.1 to + 0.4‰; n = 231) values with two outliers (∆ 33 S = + 0.5‰ and + 0.6‰) across all lithology types. The constant value of MIF-S through the three temporally different gold mineralization episodes implies that sulfur was derived from a single homogenized source of sulfur distal from the deposition site, irrespective of the Au endowment. The consistent small positive ∆ 33 S sulfur isotope signature may support that the Archean orogenic gold system sourced sulfur and possibly hydrothermal fluids from a mantle/magmatic dominated source that homogenized with crustal sulfur at depth prior to gold deposition.

中文翻译：

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将多种硫同位素与结构分析相结合，揭示了西澳大利亚伊尔加恩克拉通 Kanowna Belle Archean 造山金矿床的矿石流体和硫来源的演变

Kanowna Belle 矿床是一个世界级的太古代造山金系统，在漫长的变形历史中见证了多次流体事件。Kanowna Belle 矿床的热液循环事件开始于早期含金碳酸盐-铁铁矿-黄铁矿-碲化物-电子脉 (V1a) 的沉淀。这些早期的矿脉随后在 NE-SW 缩短事件 (D1b KB ) 期间折叠，导致绢云母-绿泥石-黄铁矿纵梁 (V1b) 和叶理 (S1 KB) 的发展，年代为 c。2658 ± 9 Ma（U-Pb，磷钇矿）。D1b KB 结构被石英-碳酸盐-绢云母-黄铁矿-金矿脉 (V2) 覆盖，由 D2 KB 期间 NS 缩短形成的反向断层控制。随后的变形事件 (D3a KB ) 与 ENE-WSW 缩短下产生的左旋剪切有关，并与特洛伊矿脉的发育和石英-黄铁矿-绢云母-金矿脉 (V3a) 的沉积有关，年代为 c。2628 ± 9 Ma（U-Pb，磷钇矿）。与不同矿化事件相关的硫化物的多种硫同位素分析的应用解决了热液流体同位素随时间的演变。尽管 V1、V2 和 V3 脉组的矿石矿物学存在差异，但它们的相关硫化物产生小的正 Δ 33 S（+ 0.1 至 + 0.4‰；n = 231）值，具有两个异常值（Δ 33 S = + 0.5‰ 和+ 0.6‰) 跨越所有岩性类型。通过三个时间不同的金矿化事件，MIF-S 的恒定值意味着硫来自沉积地点远端的单一均质硫源，而与金禀赋无关。一致的小正 Δ 33 S 硫同位素特征可能支持太古代造山金系统从地幔/岩浆主导的源中获取硫和可能的热液流体，这些源在金沉积之前与地壳硫在深处均质化。