ABSTRACT

Polarized growth and cytokinesis are two fundamental cellular processes that exist in virtually all cell types. Mechanisms for asymmetric distribution of materials allow for cells to grow in a polarized manner. This gives rise to a variety of cell shapes seen throughout all cell types. Following polarized growth during interphase, dividing cells assemble a cytokinetic ring containing the protein machinery to constrict and separate daughter cells. Here, we discuss how cell polarity signaling pathways act on cytokinesis, with a focus on direct regulation of the contractile actomyosin ring (CAR). Recent studies have exploited phosphoproteomics to identify new connections between cell polarity kinases and CAR proteins. Existing evidence suggests that some polarity kinases guide the local organization of CAR proteins and structures while also contributing to global organization of the division plane within a cell. We provide several examples of this regulation from budding yeast, fission yeast, and metazoan cells. In some cases, kinase-substrate connections point to conserved processes in these different organisms. We point to several examples where future work can indicate the degree of conservation and divergence in the cell division process of these different organisms.

摘要

极化生长和胞质分裂是几乎所有细胞类型中都存在的两个基本细胞过程。材料不对称分布的机制允许细胞以极化方式生长。这产生了在所有细胞类型中看到的各种细胞形状。在间期极化生长之后，分裂细胞组装一个含有蛋白质机器的细胞因子环，以收缩和分离子细胞。在这里，我们讨论了细胞极性信号通路如何作用于胞质分裂，重点是对收缩肌动球蛋白环 (CAR) 的直接调节。最近的研究利用磷酸蛋白质组学来确定细胞极性激酶和 CAR 蛋白之间的新联系。现有证据表明，一些极性激酶指导 CAR 蛋白和结构的局部组织，同时也有助于细胞内分裂平面的全局组织。我们提供了几个来自出芽酵母、裂殖酵母和后生动物细胞的这种调节的例子。在某些情况下，激酶-底物连接指向这些不同生物体中的保守过程。我们指出了几个例子，未来的工作可以表明这些不同生物的细胞分裂过程中的保守程度和分化程度。