Marine protected areas (MPAs) are promoted as a tool to manage the world's ocean and coastal resources more sustainably. In recent years, the protected areas management paradigm —including MPA management—has started to promote inclusive and collaborative practices. At least on paper, this shift, and the multi-stakeholder engagement and partnerships that came along with it, should have led to better conservation outcomes—at the same time as ensuring that people affected by conservation measures have access to alternative or supplementary livelihood opportunities. In reality, the record of MPAs has been quite mixed. The aim of this study is to examine stakeholder engagement and collaboration in MPA management actions that have occurred in the Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park (MBREMP) in southern Tanzania—in view of exploring whether existing collaborations have influenced conservation outcomes. Fieldwork results, arising from key informant interviews, participant observation, focus group discussions and a survey, show that contacts and interactions between stakeholders followed a bureaucratic process without clear and shared goals that could make conservation and livelihood objectives compatible. Unclear and poorly coordinated processes—both in relation to conservation activities, such as enforcement of the park's regulations, and in relation to livelihood projects—hampered the proper functioning of MBREMP and its actual and potential stakeholders. As a result, both conservation and socio-economic outcomes have been problematic. Future research needs to further investigate how dysfunctional stakeholder engagements and lack of collaborative arrangements affect environmental and socio-economic objectives in MPAs and how these can be addressed.

促进海洋保护区（MPA）作为更可持续地管理世界海洋和沿海资源的工具。近年来，包括MPA管理在内的保护区管理范例已开始推广包容性和协作性做法。至少从表面上看，这种转变以及随之而来的多方利益相关者的参与和伙伴关系，应该可以带来更好的保护成果，同时确保受保护措施影响的人们能够获得替代或补充生计的机会。实际上，MPA的记录好坏参半。这项研究的目的是研究利益相关者在坦桑尼亚南部的曼纳兹湾-鲁武玛河口海洋公园（MBREMP）发生的MPA管理行动中的参与和协作，以探讨现有的协作是否影响了保护成果。实地调查结果来自关键的受访者访谈，参与者观察，焦点小组讨论和调查，结果表明，利益相关者之间的接触和互动遵循官僚主义的过程，而没有清晰，共同的目标，这些目标可能使保护和生计的目标兼容。在保护活动方面（如公园规章的执行）以及在生计项目方面，流程不清晰且协调不力会阻碍MBREMP及其实际和潜在利益相关者的正常运作。结果，保护和社会经济成果都是成问题的。未来的研究需要进一步调查利益相关者参与失调和缺乏合作安排如何影响MPA中的环境和社会经济目标，以及如何解决这些目标。