The spiders of the genus Dysdera are renowned for including woodlouse specialists. In the Canary Islands, Dysdera underwent remarkable local diversification, and 48 endemic species have been reported to date. We aim to disentangle the evolutionary history underpinning this diversity, with particular emphasis on the evolution of the trophic ecology. We collected specimens belonging to 17 Dysdera species along with the co-occurring potential prey. We performed prey capture experiments with these specimens to assess which species accepted woodlice as prey and how they captured them and used statistical extrapolation and published phylogenetic information to infer the evolution of these dietary and behavioral traits. We identified four capture tactics and trait reconstruction analyses that inferred oniscophagy as the ancestral state. We found several instances of polyphagy that evolved from trophic specialist ancestors. When including the trophic strategy, predatory behavior, body size, and habitat type, it was revealed that at all sites, the co-occurring Dysdera species differed by at least one trait, suggesting the role of adaptive radiation via character displacement. We hypothesize that the colonization of the newly emerged islands by the Dysdera species was probably followed by the recurrent evolution of both woodlice specialists and non-oniscophagous species. The radiation of Dysdera in the Canary Islands indicates that diet specialization can evolve to polyphagy.

中文翻译：

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对加那利群岛 Dysdera 蜘蛛生态表型多样化的进化见解

Dysdera 属的蜘蛛以包括木虱专家而闻名。在加那利群岛，Dysdera 经历了显着的当地多样化，迄今为止已报告了 48 种地方性物种。我们的目标是解开支撑这种多样性的进化历史，特别强调营养生态的进化。我们收集了属于 17 种 Dysdera 物种的标本以及共同出现的潜在猎物。我们用这些标本进行了猎物捕获实验，以评估哪些物种接受木虱作为猎物，以及它们如何捕获它们，并使用统计外推和已发表的系统发育信息来推断这些饮食和行为特征的进化。我们确定了四种捕获策略和特征重建分析，将 oniscophagy 推断为祖先状态。我们发现了几个从营养专家祖先进化而来的多食性实例。当包括营养策略、捕食行为、体型和栖息地类型时，发现在所有地点，共同发生的 Dysdera 物种至少有一个特征不同，这表明适应性辐射通过特征置换的作用。我们假设 Dysdera 物种对新出现的岛屿的殖民化可能伴随着木虱专家和非食虫物种的反复进化。加那利群岛 Dysdera 的辐射表明饮食专业化可以演变为多食性。共生的 Dysdera 物种至少在一个特征上有所不同，这表明适应性辐射通过特征置换的作用。我们假设 Dysdera 物种对新出现的岛屿的殖民化可能伴随着木虱专家和非食虫物种的反复进化。加那利群岛 Dysdera 的辐射表明饮食专业化可以演变为多食性。共生的 Dysdera 物种至少在一个特征上有所不同，这表明适应性辐射通过特征置换的作用。我们假设 Dysdera 物种对新出现的岛屿的殖民化可能伴随着木虱专家和非食虫物种的反复进化。加那利群岛 Dysdera 的辐射表明饮食专业化可以演变为多食性。