Context

Although many studies have considered urban structure when investigating urban ecological networks, few have considered the three-dimensional (3D) structure of buildings as well as urban green spaces. Airborne LiDAR datasets provide an opportunity to quantify 3D structure and evaluate 3D metrics in connectivity mapping.

Objectives

We examined an urban ecological network using the 3D structure of both green spaces and buildings.

Methods

Using breeding-season bird species observations and airborne LiDAR data collected, we assessed the influence of 3D structural variables on species diversity. We used correlation analyses to determine if vertical distribution, volume, area, and height of both buildings and vegetation were related to bird species diversity. Then we conducted circuit theory-based current flow betweenness centrality (CFBC) analysis using the LiDAR-derived structural variables.

Results

We found that the volumes of buildings and 8–10 m vegetation heights were both highly correlated with species richness per unit area. There were significant differences between 2D and 3D connectivity analysis using LiDAR-derived variables among urban forest patches, boulevards, and apartment complexes. Within urban forest patches and parks, 3D CFBC represented canopy structural characteristics well, by showing high variance in spatial distributions.

Conclusions

The 3D CFBC results indicated that adjacent high-rise buildings, dense apartment complexes, and densely urbanized areas were isolated, as characterized by low centrality values, but that vegetation planted in open spaces between buildings could improve connectivity by linking isolated areas to core areas. Our research highlights the importance of considering 3D structure in planning and managing urban ecological connectivity.

中文翻译：

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LiDAR衍生的城市鸟类三维生态连通性制图

语境

尽管许多研究在研究城市生态网络时都考虑了城市结构，但很少考虑建筑和城市绿地的三维（3D）结构。机载LiDAR数据集提供了在连接映射中量化3D结构和评估3D指标的机会。

目标

我们使用绿色空间和建筑物的3D结构检查了城市生态网络。

方法

使用繁殖季节鸟类物种观察和收集的机载LiDAR数据，我们评估了3D结构变量对物种多样性的影响。我们使用相关分析来确定建筑物和植被的垂直分布，体积，面积和高度是否与鸟类物种多样性有关。然后，我们使用源自LiDAR的结构变量进行了基于电路理论的电流流动性中心度（CFBC）分析。

结果

我们发现建筑物的体积和8-10 m的植被高度都与单位面积的物种丰富度高度相关。在城市森林斑块，林荫大道和公寓大楼之间，使用LiDAR得出的变量进行的2D和3D连接性分析之间存在显着差异。在城市森林斑块和公园中，3D CFBC通过表现出高度的空间分布来很好地体现了冠层结构特征。

结论

3D CFBC结果表明，以中心值较低为特征，相邻的高层建筑，密集的公寓大楼和密集的城市化区域是孤立的，但在建筑物之间的开放空间中种植的植被可以通过将孤立的区域链接到核心区域来改善连通性。我们的研究强调了在规划和管理城市生态连通性时考虑3D结构的重要性。