Abstract

Slavery did not simply die slowly in the nineteenth century; in some parts of the world, it expanded. Engaging with the literature on slavery in the Indian Ocean in the nineteenth century, this article explains how a rising demand for forest and sea products, pepper and rice, together with a proliferation of firearms, kindled slave raiding and trading in the Indonesian archipelago. Enslavement happened both through capture and debt traps. This article offers an estimate of the number of annually enslaved in the Indonesian archipelago during the mid-nineteenth century and relates this to a conjectured total slave population of this particular region. The commercialization of slavery must have fundamentally changed the character of customary institutions of bondage. The article cites contemporary sources about the conditions of the captives and concludes with an explanation of how commercial slavery in this part of the world could continue into early years of the twentieth century.

中文翻译：

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19世纪印度尼西亚群岛的商品化和奴隶制

摘要

奴隶制在19世纪并没有简单地消亡。在世界的某些地方，它得到了扩展。本文结合19世纪印度洋关于奴隶制的文献，解释了对森林和海洋产品，胡椒和大米的需求不断增长，以及枪支的激增，印度尼西亚群岛引发奴隶袭击和贸易的情况。奴役既通过俘获又通过债务陷阱发生。本文提供了对19世纪中叶印度尼西亚群岛每年被奴役人数的估计，并将其与该特定地区的推测奴隶总数相关。奴隶制的商业化必须从根本上改变习惯奴役制度的性质。