Before the COVID-19 pandemic erupted onto the world stage, a new narrative was apparently beginning to emerge about the impact of i4.0 and new technologies in general, and three-dimensional printing in particular, on the future of work and employment. This was to have particular geographical implications for the manufacturing sector in particular. Proponents of i4.0 also suggested that this process, particularly in manufacturing, would promote the re-emergence of patterns of clustering. Developments in advanced manufacturing, particularly three-dimensional printing, would accelerate and reinforce these tendencies. This article looks at the role that three-dimensional printing is supposed to play in the new world, and in particular, critically evaluates its role in reinforcing the trend towards deglobalisation on the one hand, and, on the other, new clusters of manufacturing industry.

JEL code: O33

在COVID-19大流行爆发到世界舞台之前，显然已经出现了有关i4.0和一般新技术（尤其是三维打印）对工作和就业前景的影响的新叙述。这尤其会对制造业产生特殊的地理影响。支持i4.0的人还建议，这一过程，特别是在制造过程中，将促进集群模式的重新出现。先进制造技术的发展，尤其是三维印刷，将加速并加强这些趋势。本文着眼于三维打印应该在新世界中扮演的角色，特别是，一方面要严格评估三维打印在加强去全球化趋势中的作用，另一方面，

JEL码： O33