In this article we argue that an exclusive focus on the generalized aspect of prejudice limits understanding of the structure and genesis of prejudice towards particular out-groups. In order to conceptualize the specific nature of particular prejudices, we propose the differentiated threat approach. This framework postulates that different out-groups challenge diverse realistic and symbolic interests, and that these out-group specific threats affect various socio-economic strata and cultural groups differentially. The differentiated threat approach is applied to analyse majority-group Belgians’ attitudes towards immigrants, Muslims, Jews and homosexuals. The results show that a common denominator of prejudice can be distinguished, but that the prejudices towards the various out-groups contain substantively relevant unique components that are influenced by socio-demographic and attitudinal predictors in diverging ways. Gender traditionalism is found to reinforce homonegativity and temper Islamophobia at the same time. Feelings of relative deprivation are more strongly related to Islamophobia than to other forms of prejudice, and are unrelated to homonegativity. Religious involvement plays a more decisive role in the formation of antiSemitism and homonegativity than it does in the other forms of prejudice. Anti-immigration attitudes show a class gradient that is absent in attitudes towards other out-groups. Our results evidence that the concrete realization of attitudes towards a specific out-group cannot be understood without paying attention to structural and contextual factors, such as social positions, the nature of inter-group relations, power balances and elite discourses.

中文翻译：

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差异化威胁和偏见的起源：同性、仇视伊斯兰、反犹太主义和反移民态度的特定群体前因

在本文中，我们认为只关注偏见的广义方面会限制对特定外群体偏见的结构和起源的理解。为了概念化特定偏见的特定性质，我们提出了差异化威胁方法。该框架假设不同的外群体挑战不同的现实和象征性利益，并且这些外群体特定的威胁对不同的社会经济阶层和文化群体产生不同的影响。差异化威胁方法用于分析多数群体比利时人对移民、穆斯林、犹太人和同性恋者的态度。结果表明，可以区分偏见的公分母，但是，对各种外群体的偏见包含实质性相关的独特成分，这些成分以不同的方式受到社会人口和态度预测因素的影响。性别传统主义被发现在同一时间加强同质性并缓和伊斯兰恐惧症。与其他形式的偏见相比，相对剥夺感与伊斯兰恐惧症的相关性更强，并且与同质性无关。与其他形式的偏见相比，宗教参与在反犹太主义和同质性的形成中起着更具决定性的作用。反移民的态度显示出一种阶级梯度，这是对其他外群体的态度所不存在的。