The experience of the phenomenal, so-called “minimal self” is commonly taken as a given and as a core requirement for the performance of goal-directed action. We discuss evidence suggesting the exact opposite scenario. In fact, evidence for truly goal-directed movements has been reported no earlier than around 9 months of age, and unequivocal signs of self-other distinction and action-ownership seem to emerge even later. This suggests that the self is not a given but that it emerges through active interaction with one's physical and social environment. Hence, the self is a result, rather than a precondition of intentional action. We discuss evidence that the self-construction process comprises of ideomotor learning, which builds up a database for intentional action selection, and predictive coding, which allows for action evaluation. We also speculate that rudimentary aspects of agency experience may precede the experience of action-ownership.

中文翻译：

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自我做：行动对自我获取的作用

现象的，所谓的“最小自我”的经验通常被认为是执行目标定向行动的既定前提和核心要求。我们讨论了暗示完全相反的情况的证据。实际上，据报道，真正的目标定向运动的证据不早于大约9个月大，甚至在更晚之后似乎也出现了明确的自我他人区别和行动所有权的迹象。这表明自我不是给​​定的，而是通过与人的身体和社会环境的积极互动而出现的。因此，自我是结果，而不是有意采取行动的前提。我们讨论的证据表明，自我建构过程包括思想运动学习和意向性编码，意向性运动学习可建立意向性行为选择数据库，而预测性编码可进行行为评估。