Objective: Violence-related cognitions may underpin many acts of violence, but explicit self-report measures of these cognitions may be inadequate to assess them fully due to their unconscious nature or due to deliberate dissimulation. We designed three versions of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) that separately examined violence-related associations to valence (good vs. bad), hedonic value (enjoy vs. dislike), and arousal (exciting vs. boring) and examined if these were associated with greater levels of past criminal activity and self-reported violence. Method: The three IATs were administered to an offender sample (N = 108) with a history of serious offending and a diagnosis of personality disorder. Violence was assessed via the Proactive and Reactive Aggression Questionnaire and by the examination of previous convictions. Results: The IATs showed good to moderate reliability. The valence-IAT did not show any significant correlations to the measures of previous violence. The hedonic value-IAT showed positive relationships with official records of convictions, especially among participants without a conviction for homicide. The arousal IAT was positively related to self-reported aggression in those without a conviction for homicide. Conclusions: The results show some promise that indirect techniques may be able to measure violence-related cognitions.

中文翻译：

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隐式衡量与暴力有关的认知。

目的：与暴力有关的认知可能是许多暴力行为的基础，但是由于这些认知的无意识性质或故意的虚假化，因此对这些认知进行明确的自我报告措施可能不足以对其进行全面评估。我们设计了三个版本的内隐联想测验（IAT），分别检查了与暴力相关的联想与效价（好坏），享乐价值（喜欢或不喜欢）和唤醒（兴奋与无聊）的关系，并检查了这些是否与过去犯罪活动和自我报告的暴力行为水平较高有关。方法：将三个IAT给予具有严重犯罪史并诊断出人格障碍的犯罪者样本（N = 108）。暴力是通过主动和主动侵略调查表以及以前的信念进行评估的。结果：IAT显示出良好到中等的可靠性。价-IAT与先前的暴力行为没有显着相关性。享乐价值-IAT与正式的定罪记录有积极的关系，尤其是在没有对凶杀定罪的参与者中。在没有因杀人罪而被定罪的人中，唤醒的IAT与自我报告的攻击行为呈正相关。结论：研究结果表明，间接技术可能能够测量与暴力相关的认知。在没有因杀人罪而被定罪的人中，唤醒的IAT与自我报告的攻击行为呈正相关。结论：研究结果表明，间接技术可能能够测量与暴力相关的认知。在没有因杀人罪而被定罪的人中，唤醒的IAT与自我报告的攻击行为呈正相关。结论：研究结果表明，间接技术可能能够测量与暴力相关的认知。