The growing non-religious minority remains among the most distrusted groups in America. We examined how non-religious individuals experience microaggressions—subtle prejudicial verbal and behavioral acts. U.S. participants who self-identified as being non-religious (N = 1,485) were recruited to develop and validate a Microaggressions Against Non-religious Individuals Scale (MANRIS). Items from MANRIS were created using prior literature, expert feedback, and psychometric assessment. An exploratory factor analysis (n = 765) yielded a 31-item, five-factor model: Assumption of Inferiority, Denial of Non-religious Prejudice, Assumption of Religiosity, Endorsing Non-religious Stereotypes, and Pathology of a Non-religious Identity. A confirmatory factor analysis (n = 720) supported a bifactor five-factor model. Both studies produced high levels of internal consistency, cumulative variance, and fit. We found experiences of non-religious microaggressions to uniquely predict depressive symptoms, even after controlling for potential confounds including overt non-religious discrimination. Atheists reported experiencing the highest incidences of non-religious microaggressions and discrimination compared to other non-religious groups. We discuss the applications of the scale in light of the broader discussions and criticism about microaggressions.

中文翻译：

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针对非宗教个人的微侵略量表 (MANRIS) 的开发和验证。

越来越多的非宗教少数群体仍然是美国最不信任的群体之一。我们研究了非宗教人士如何经历微攻击——微妙的带有偏见的言语和行为行为。招募自我认定为无宗教信仰的美国参与者 (N = 1,485) 来制定和验证针对非宗教个人的微侵略量表 (MANRIS)。MANRIS 的项目是使用先前的文献、专家反馈和心理测量评估创建的。探索性因素分析 (n = 765) 产生了一个包含 31 个项目的五因素模型：自卑假设、非宗教偏见的否认、宗教信仰假设、认可非宗教刻板印象和非宗教身份的病理学。验证性因素分析 (n = 720) 支持双因素五因素模型。这两项研究都产生了高水平的内部一致性、累积方差和拟合。我们发现，即使在控制了包括明显的非宗教歧视在内的潜在混淆之后，也可以通过非宗教微侵略的经历来独特地预测抑郁症状。无神论者报告说，与其他非宗教群体相比，非宗教微观攻击和歧视的发生率最高。我们根据对微攻击的更广泛讨论和批评来讨论该量表的应用。无神论者报告说，与其他非宗教群体相比，非宗教微观攻击和歧视的发生率最高。我们根据对微攻击的更广泛讨论和批评来讨论该量表的应用。无神论者报告说，与其他非宗教群体相比，非宗教微观攻击和歧视的发生率最高。我们根据对微攻击的更广泛讨论和批评来讨论该量表的应用。