Expressive Musical Terms (EMTs) are commonly used by composers as verbal descriptions of musical expressiveness and characters that performers are requested to convey. We suggest a classification of 55 of these terms, based on the perception of professional music performers who were asked to: 1) organize the considered EMTs in a two-dimensional plane in such a way that proximity reflects similarity; and 2) rate these EMTs according to valence, arousal, extraversion, and neuroticism, using 7-level Likert scales. Using a minimization procedure, we found that a satisfactory partition requires these EMTs to be organized in four clusters (whose centroids are associated with tenderness, happiness, anger, and sadness) located in the four quarters of the valence-arousal plane of the circumplex model of affect developed by Russell (1980). In terms of the related positive-negative activation parameters, introduced by Watson and Tellegen (1985), we obtained a significant correlation between positive activation and extraversion and between negative activation and neuroticism. This demonstrates that these relations, previously observed in personality studies by Watson & Clark (1992a), extend to the musical field.

中文翻译：

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基于感知的表达性音乐术语分类

作曲家通常将表现性音乐术语（EMT）用作对音乐表现力和要求表演者传达的角色的口头描述。我们建议根据专业音乐演奏者的感知对这些术语进行分类，包括55个术语：1）在二维平面内组织考虑的EMT，以使邻近度反映相似性；2）使用7级李克特量表，根据化合价，唤醒，外向性和神经质对这些EMT进行评分。通过最小化过程，我们发现令人满意的划分要求将这些EMT组织成四个簇（其质心与柔情，幸福，愤怒和悲伤相关），分别位于回旋模型的价-唤醒平面的四个季度中罗素（1980）提出的情感影响。根据Watson和Tellegen（1985）引入的相关的正负激活参数，我们获得了正激活和外向性之间以及负激活和神经质之间的显着相关性。这表明，以前在沃森和克拉克（Watson＆Clark）（1992a）的人格研究中观察到的这些关系扩展到音乐领域。