Cross Bones graveyard, an unconsecrated burial site in Southwark, London, was rediscovered in 1989 when Transport for London sought to extend the Jubilee Line, part of the Underground railway network. Subsequent archaeological investigations estimated that about 15,000 bodies were interred at the site, which covers only about 2000 square yards. From its late medieval origins until 1853, when it closed due to its being ‘overcharged with dead’, Cross Bones was synonymous with poverty and disease.1 Historically, Southwark was also the home to the licentious, the criminal, and those escaping justice, and has a unique legacy and history which informs how Cross Bones has been received and interpreted. Under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Winchester, medieval Southwark was outside the conventional law of the King and the City, and as such, entertainments such as bear-baiting, playhouses (including Shakespeare’s Globe), and prostitution became commonplace, and effectively licensed by the church.2 By the Victorian period, Southwark was marked by low-standard housing: ‘each house is occupied by several families – indeed, the houses are crammed full of the poorest and most wretched of our inhabitants. The houses being so old, and built of wood, are literally alive with vermin’.3 Museum of London Archaeology’s excavation of the graveyard bears witness to these conditions: the pauper coffins and the fact that bodies were stacked nine or ten deep, point to the poverty of the people who lived nearby. Cross Bones is also frequently identified as a prostitute’s or ‘single woman’s’ burial ground, licensed as such by the Bishop of Winchester, but where such women were denied formal religious rites in death.

中文翻译：

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交叉骨墓地：挖掘新维多利亚流行文化中的妓女

Cross Bones 墓地是伦敦 Southwark 的一个未奉献的墓地，于 1989 年被重新发现，当时伦敦交通局试图扩建 Jubilee Line，这是地下铁路网络的一部分。随后的考古调查估计，大约有 15,000 具尸体被埋葬在该遗址，该遗址仅占地约 2000 平方码。从中世纪晚期到 1853 年，由于“死者过多”而关闭，Cross Bones 是贫困和疾病的代名词。 1 从历史上看，Southwark 也是放荡者、罪犯和逃避司法的人的家园，并拥有独特的遗产和历史，可以说明交叉骨是如何被接受和解释的。在温彻斯特主教的管辖下，中世纪的南华克不受国王和城市的传统法律的约束，因此，熊诱饵、剧场（包括莎士比亚环球剧场）和卖淫等娱乐活动变得司空见惯，并得到了教会的有效许可。 2 到维多利亚时期，南华克的住房标准很低：“每间房子都被几个家庭占用——事实上，房屋里挤满了我们最贫穷和最悲惨的居民。房屋如此古老，用木头建造，确实有虫害。3 伦敦考古博物馆对墓地的挖掘见证了这些情况：贫民棺材和尸体堆放九或十深的事实，指向住在附近的人的贫困。Cross Bones 也经常被认定为妓女或“单身女性”的墓地，由温彻斯特主教授权，