The Indicators of Integration framework—a conceptual framework defining core domains of refugee integration—has had a significant impact on the discourse surrounding refugee integration and a major role in shaping policy, practice and academic debate. Drawing on an innovative participatory mapping approach, this study examined the social connections of isolated single refugee men from Iran and Afghanistan (highlighted as particularly marginalized) and the implications for their mental health and wellbeing. Findings indicated very low levels of contact with family, local friends or local services, difficulties establishing trust and few opportunities for reciprocal relationships. The article makes an important contribution to the field of refugee integration in a number of ways. It suggests that the role of trust should be made explicit within the Indicators of Integration framework and be included as a ‘Facilitator’ of integration. It challenges Putnam’s simple binary distinction between bonding and bridging relationships and suggests a new conceptualization based on a continuum between bonds and bridges. It offers theoretical innovation by bringing together the concept of reciprocity with Hobfoll’s resource-conservation model to offer new insights into the way domains of the Framework interact. Its important contribution is in critiquing Putnam’s reliance on the idealization of community solidarity and suggesting conceptualizations of integration must be informed by the impact of intersecting but differentiated communities. Two key priorities emerge for policy and practice: enabling asylum seekers and refugees to develop sufficient close bonding relationships and finding more effective ways of building knowledge and trust of relevant resources and services.

中文翻译：

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集成还是隔离？难民的社会关系和福祉

融合指标框架——一个定义难民融合核心领域的概念框架——对围绕难民融合的讨论产生了重大影响，并在政策、实践和学术辩论中发挥了重要作用。本研究采用创新的参与式制图方法，研究了来自伊朗和阿富汗的孤立单身难民男性（特别被边缘化）的社会关系及其对心理健康和福祉的影响。结果表明，与家人、当地朋友或当地服务机构的接触程度非常低，难以建立信任，建立互惠关系的机会很少。这篇文章以多种方式对难民融合领域做出了重要贡献。它建议在整合指标框架内明确信任的作用，并将其作为整合的“促进者”。它挑战了普特南在键合和桥接关系之间的简单二元区分，并提出了一种基于键和桥之间连续体的新概念。它通过将互惠的概念与 Hobfoll 的资源节约模型结合在一起，提供了理论创新，以提供对框架域交互方式的新见解。它的重要贡献在于批判了普特南对社区团结理想化的依赖，并建议整合的概念必须以交叉但有区别的社区的影响为依据。政策和实践出现了两个关键优先事项：