Researchers commonly conceptualize forgiveness as a rich complex of psychological changes involving attitudes, emotions, and behaviors. Psychometric work with the measures developed to capture this conceptual richness, however, often points to a simpler picture of the psychological dimensions in which forgiveness takes place. In an effort to better unite forgiveness theory and measurement, we evaluate several psychometric models for common measures of forgiveness. In doing so, we study people from the United States and Japan to understand forgiveness in both nonclose and close relationships. In addition, we assess the predictive utility of these models for several behavioral outcomes that traditionally have been linked to forgiveness motives. Finally, we use the methods of item response theory, which place person abilities and item responses on the same metric and, thus, help us draw psychological inferences from the ordering of item difficulties. Our results highlight models based on correlated factors models and bifactor (S-1) models. The bifactor (S-1) model evinced particular utility: Its general factor consistently predicts variation in relevant criterion measures, including 4 different experimental economic games (when played with a transgressor), and also suffuses a second self-report measure of forgiveness. Moreover, the general factor of the bifactor (S-1) model identifies a single psychological dimension that runs from hostility to friendliness while also pointing to other sources of variance that may be conceived of as method factors. Taken together, these results suggest that forgiveness can be usefully conceptualized as prosocial change along a single attitudinal continuum that ranges from hostility to friendliness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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宽恕发生在从敌意到友善的态度连续体上：宽恕宽恕理论与衡量方法的结合。

研究人员通常将宽恕概念化为涉及态度，情感和行为的丰富的心理变化复合体。然而，通过采取心理测量方法并采取措施来捕捉这种概念上的丰富性，常常指向对发生宽恕的心理维度的简单描述。为了更好地统一宽恕理论和衡量标准，我们评估了几种心理测量模型，以了解常见的宽恕措施。通过这样做，我们研究了来自美国和日本的人们，以了解在亲密和亲密关系中的宽恕。此外，我们评估了这些模型对传统上与宽恕动机相关的几种行为结果的预测效用。最后，我们使用项目响应理论的方法，将人的能力和项目反应置于相同的度量标准，从而帮助我们从项目难度的排序中得出心理推断。我们的结果强调了基于相关因子模型和双因子（S-1）模型的模型。双因子（S-1）模型具有特殊的用途：它的通用因子始终如一地预测相关标准度量的变化，包括4个不同的实验性经济游戏（与犯罪者一起玩时），并且还提供了第二个自我报告的宽恕措施。此外，双因素（S-1）模型的一般因素确定了一个从敌对状态变为友善的单一心理维度，同时还指出了可能被视为方法因素的其他方差源。在一起 这些结果表明，宽恕可以被有效地概念化为沿着从敌意到友善的单个态度连续体的亲社会变化。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。