Episodic-like memory is a personal memory that contains what happened, where it happened, and when it happened. Although episodic-like memory in nonhuman animals has been shown using what-where-when memory paradigms, it has not previously been shown in dogs. Dogs are an excellent candidate for developing translational models of neurodegenerative disorders related to episodic memory, including Alzheimer's disease. Dogs were tested in experiments that involved spatially and temporally unique sequences of odor stimuli to see if they remembered the odors, their locations, and their times of presentation. By choosing the earlier exposed odor on two-choice tests, dogs showed the ability to encode what-when, where-when, or what-where-when memory. Further tests revealed that dogs performed optimally when all three components of what-where-when memory were available for encoding and could flexibly use this information on unpredictable tests. Although the experiments reported here show that dogs remembered what, where, and when, they did not indicate whether these components were part of an integrated single memory or were retrieved from separate files. Evidence on the question of integrated memory requires trials on which all three components are tested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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狗（犬似犬）使用气味提示显示对什么，在什么地方和什么时间的情景记忆。

类情节记忆是一种个人记忆，包含发生的情况，发生的位置以及发生的时间。尽管已经使用“何时何地”记忆范例显示了非人类动物中的情节式记忆，但以前在狗中没有显示过。狗是开发与情景记忆有关的神经退行性疾病（包括阿尔茨海默氏病）的翻译模型的极佳候选者。在涉及空间和时间上独特的气味刺激序列的实验中对狗进行了测试，以查看它们是否记住了气味，它们的位置和出现的时间。通过在两项选择测试中选择较早暴露的气味，狗表现出了对何时，何地或何时记忆的编码能力。进一步的测试表明，当什么地方的记忆的所有三个组成部分都可用于编码时，狗的表现最佳，并且可以在不可预测的测试中灵活地使用此信息。尽管这里报道的实验表明狗记住了什么，何时何地，但它们并未指示这些组件是集成的单个内存的一部分还是从单独的文件中检索出来。关于集成内存问题的证据需要对所有三个组件进行测试。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。它们没有指出这些组件是集成的单个内存的一部分还是从单独的文件中检索到。关于集成内存问题的证据需要对所有三个组件进行测试。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。它们没有指出这些组件是集成的单个内存的一部分还是从单独的文件中检索到。关于集成内存问题的证据需要对所有三个组件进行测试。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。