One way to address questions about the origins and adaptive significance of personality dimensions is by comparing the personality structures of closely related species that differ in their socioecological circumstances. For the present study, we compared the personalities of captive golden-handed tamarins (Saguinus midas; N = 28), cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus; N = 20), and common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus; N = 17). All 3 species are New World monkeys of the family Callitrichidae. They thus share reproductive and behavioral characteristics but differ some in terms of their diet, habitat, and social organization. We expected that personality structures of closely related tamarin species would overlap more, both in terms of number of dimensions and their content, than either would overlap with the personality structure of common marmosets. We assessed personality using behavioral observations and compared the personality structures by means of cross-species correlations and fuzzy set analyses. Principal component analyses identified components that we labeled Agreeableness, Assertiveness, and Extraversion in golden-handed tamarins and common marmosets and components labeled Confidence and Extraversion in cotton-top tamarins. The greater personality similarities of the two phylogenetically more distant species suggest that differences in social organization, and in both habitat diversity and complexity, contributed to the evolution of personality. However, we also found that behaviors clustered in similar ways in the two tamarin species, suggesting that phylogenetic relatedness and genus-specific socioecological characteristics, such as the degree of reproductive competition, shaped personality structure in this primate family. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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比较评价行为在金毛绢毛猴（Saguinus midas），棉绢毛绢毛猴（Saguinus oedipus）和普通mar猴（Callithrix jacchus）中的人格结构。

解决有关人格维度的起源和适应性意义的问题的一种方法是，通过比较社会生态环境不同的密切相关物种的人格结构。在本研究中，我们比较了圈养金猴（Saguinus midas; N = 28），棉顶猴（Saguinus oedipus; N = 20）和普通mar猴（Callithrix jacchus; N = 17）的个性。这3个物种都是Callitrichidae家族的新世界猴子。因此，它们具有生殖和行为特征，但在饮食，栖息地和社会组织方面有所不同。我们预计，在数量和含量方面，紧密相关的绢毛猴物种的人格结构会重叠更多，两者都不会与普通mar猴的人格结构重叠。我们使用行为观察评估人格，并通过跨物种相关性和模糊集分析比较人格结构。主成分分析确定了在金手绢猴和普通mar猴中标记为喜好，肯定和外向的成分，在棉顶ta猴中标记为信心和外向的成分。这两个在系统发育上距离较远的物种的更大的人格相似性表明，社会组织以及生境多样性和复杂性方面的差异有助于人格的演变。但是，我们还发现，在两个绢毛猴物种中，行为以相似的方式聚集，提示系统发育的相关性和属特定的社会生态学特征，例如生殖竞争的程度，塑造了这个灵长类家庭的人格结构。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。