In both the wild and captivity, chimpanzees engage in reciprocal patterns of prosocial behavior. However, the proximate mechanisms underlying these patterns are unclear. In the current study, we investigated whether chimpanzees prefer to act prosocially toward conspecifics who have directly benefited them (perhaps based on an affective bond) or whether they simply observe the prosocial behavior of others in general (including indirectly to third parties) and preferentially interact with and behave prosocially toward the most prosocial individuals. We found good evidence for direct reciprocity but little evidence for a general (indirect) preference for prosocial individuals. These results suggest that cooperative reciprocity in chimpanzees may be based mostly on social-affective processes and direct interactions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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黑猩猩（Pan穴居人）相互亲密关系的心理机制。

在野外和圈养中，黑猩猩参与亲社会行为的相互关系。但是，这些模式的基本机制尚不清楚。在当前的研究中，我们调查了黑猩猩是喜欢对直接受益于它们的同种生物（可能是基于情感纽带）采取亲社会行动，还是只是简单地观察到其他人的亲社会行为（包括间接向第三方）并优先互动与最亲社会的人交往，并与之交往。我们发现直接互惠的良好证据，但亲社会个体普遍（间接）偏好的证据却很少。这些结果表明，黑猩猩的合作互惠可能主要基于社会情感过程和直接互动。