Eye gaze is widespread in nonhuman primate taxa and important for social cognition and communicative signaling. Bonobos and chimpanzees, two closely related primate species, differ in social organization, behavior, and cognition. Chimpanzees' eye gaze and gaze following has been studied extensively, whereas less is known about bonobos' eye gaze. To examine species differences using a more ecologically relevant measure than videos or pictures, the current study compared bonobo and chimpanzee mutual eye gaze with a human observer. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant species differences in frequency and total duration, but not bout length, of mutual eye gaze (p < .001). Specifically, bonobos engage in mutual eye gaze more frequently and for longer total duration than chimpanzees. These results are likely related to species differences in social behavior and temperament and are consistent with eye-tracking studies in which bonobos looked at the eye region of conspecifics (in pictures and videos) longer than chimpanzees. Future research should examine the relationship between mutual eye gaze and gaze following, as well as examine its genetic and neurological correlates. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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no黑猩猩（Pan paniscus）和黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）的相互视线不同。

注视在非人类的灵长类动物中很普遍，对社会认知和交流信号很重要。黑猩猩和黑猩猩这两个密切相关的灵长类动物在社会组织，行为和认知方面有所不同。黑猩猩的眼睛注视和注视已被广泛研究，而bo黑猩猩的眼睛注视知之甚少。为了使用比视频或图片更生态相关的措施来检查物种差异，当前的研究将bo黑猩猩和黑猩猩的相互注视与人类观察者进行了比较。方差的多变量分析显示，相互注视的频率和总持续时间（而非回合长度）存在明显的物种差异（p <.001）。特别是，黑猩猩比黑猩猩更频繁地参与相互注视，并且总持续时间更长。这些结果可能与社会行为和性情上的物种差异有关，并且与黑猩猩在黑猩猩观察同种异体（在图片和视频中）的眼睛区域的时间更长的眼睛追踪研究一致。未来的研究应检查相互注视和注视之间的关系，并检查其遗传和神经相关性。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。