Philosophers of history have posited a class of concepts known as colligatory concepts (CCs) that causally link a series of past events into a meaningful pattern that is evaluated as significant for historical knowledge and that contributes to historical consciousness. We tested the hypothesis that these colligatory concepts occurred frequently in dreams and nightmares relative to waking narratives and that they exhibited properties that plausibly allowed them to mediate historical consciousness. In our content analysis of 100 nightmares, 100 unpleasant control dream narratives, and 50 waking narratives (diary entries), colligatory concepts appeared in 75% of nightmares and 46% of ordinary dreams compared to 2% of diary entries. In 36 out of 75 (48%) nightmares, 13 out of 46 (28.3%) unpleasant dreams, and 0 out of 1 diary entries the causal reference invoked by the CCs referred to group or social collective effects of some kind. In slightly more than half (56%) of the nightmares, 7% of unpleasant dreams, and 0% of diary entries containing CCs, the evaluative emotion was fear or terror. Colligatory concepts occur frequently in nightmares and dreams and most often refer causes of events in dreams to group or collective effects that are experienced as terrifying or disturbing.

中文翻译：

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“历史......是我试图从中醒来的噩梦”。

历史哲学家提出了一类被称为连词概念 (CCs) 的概念，这些概念将一系列过去的事件因果联系起来，形成一个有意义的模式，该模式被评估为对历史知识具有重要意义，并有助于历史意识。我们检验了这样一个假设，即这些依附概念经常出现在与清醒叙述相关的梦境和噩梦中，并且它们表现出的特性似乎使它们能够调解历史意识。在我们对 100 个噩梦、100 个令人不快的控制梦叙事和 50 个清醒叙事（日记条目）的内容分析中，75% 的噩梦和 46% 的普通梦中出现了附庸概念，而日记条目中只有 2%。在 75 个 (48%) 噩梦中的 36 个中，46 个 (28.3%) 不愉快的梦中有 13 个，在 1 个日记条目中，有 0 个由 CC 调用的因果参考涉及某种类型的群体或社会集体效应。在略多于一半 (56%) 的噩梦、7% 的不愉快梦境和 0% 的包含 CC 的日记条目中，评估情绪是恐惧或恐惧。依附概念经常出现在噩梦和梦境中，并且最常将梦中事件的原因归结为令人恐惧或令人不安的群体或集体影响。